英语语言学 整理资料名词+简答文档格式.docx
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Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences
Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicalinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
2、现代语言学Modernlinguistics与传统语法Traditionalgrammar有什么区别？
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
itisbasedon"
high"
（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;
itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"
correct"
ornot.
3、什么叫共时研究？
什么叫历时研究？
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy（共时研究）;
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy（历时研究）.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;
itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？
1）Arbitrariness。
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2）Productivity。
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.
3）Duality。
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4）Displacement。
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5）Culturaltransmission。
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
5、Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
6、Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的？
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;
Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;
itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;
whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
7、什么是语言学？
Linguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.It
studiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
8、口头语speech与书面语
Speech（口头语）enjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:
1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution
2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting
3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage
9、语言与言语
Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity
Parole（言语）referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse
10、能力competence与运用Performance
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
11、几个术语
Prescriptive:
aimstolaydownrulesfor"
behavior.
Descriptive:
describeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.
Langue:
theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
Competence:
theidealuser'
sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
12、Designfeatures（语言）
AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspedified12designfeatures,fiveofwhichwillbediscussedhere.
1）Arbitratiness。
Differencesoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Thelanguagethatimitatenaturalsoundsandcompoundwordsarenon-arbitrarywords.Itmakesuponlyasmallpercentageofthetotalnumberofwordsusedinalanguage.
2）Productivity.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
3）Duality.languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorthebasiclevelisastructureofmeaninglesssounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphimesandwords.
4）Displacement.Languagescanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5）Culturaltransmission.Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.
13、名词解释
1Linguisitics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants
3Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallphone.
4Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:
Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.
7Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.
8Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.
9、Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
14.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Traditionalgram marisprescriptive;
（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;
Itcollectsauthen
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