英语讲义Word文档格式.docx

1、ExpositionChapter 1 Elements of writingI. Paragraph structure identification Gold Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold

2、never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundr

3、eds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its use. Hurricanes Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones, ex

4、ert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The energy tha

5、t is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by mankind throughout the world in one year. Famous School “Failures” Albert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses, failed his university entrance examinations on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas noted write

6、rs, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These few examples show that failure in school does not always predict fail

7、ure in life. SynonymsSynonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money”. However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation

8、. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive, but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonyms at all.Learning to OutlineLearning to outline will improve your writing for three reasons. First of all,

9、 it will help you organize your ideas. Specifically, an outline will ensure that you wont include any irrelevant ideas, that you wont leave out any important points, and that your supporting sentences will be in logical order. Second, learning to write an outline will help you write more quickly. It

10、 may take some practice at first, but once you become used to outlining your ideas before you start to write. Preparing an outline is 75% of the work. The actual writing becomes easier because you dont have to worry about what you are going to say; you already have a well-organized plan to follow. F

11、inally, your grammar will improve because you will be able to concentrate on it, not on your thoughts or organization. Improved organization, speed, and grammar make learning to outline well worth the effort. For these three reasonsimproved organization, speed, and grammarlearning to outline is well

12、 worth the effort.The above paragraphs show a linear development of ideas, that is, from topic sentence to development sentences and finally to the concluding sentence, or the reversed order, that is, from concluding sentences to development ones, which are typical of English writing, although there

13、 are always variations.Now read the following paragraph critically and prepare a discussion on it.Culture, Logic and Rhetoric Logic, which is the basis of rhetoric, comes from culture; it is not universal. Rhetoric, therefore, is not universal either, but varies from culture to culture. The rhetoric

14、al system of one language is neither better nor worse than the rhetorical system of another language, but is different. English logic and English rhetoric, which are based on Anglo-European cultural patterns, are linear that is, a good English paragraph begins with a general statement of its content

15、 and then carefully develops that statement with a series of specific illustrations. A good English paragraph may also use just the reverse sequence; it may state a whole series of examples and then summarizes those examples in a single statement at the end of the paragraph. In either case, however,

16、 the flow of ideas occur in a straight line from the opening sentence to the last sentence. Furthermore, a well-structured English paragraph is never digressive. There is nothing that does not belong to the paragraph, and nothing that does not support the topic sentence. A type of construction found

17、 in Arabic and Persian writing is very different. Whereas English writers use a linear sequence, Arabic and Persian writers tend to construct a paragraph in a parallel sequence using many coordinators, such as and but. In English, maturity of style is often judged by the degree of subordination rath

18、er than by the degree of coordination. Therefore, the Arabic and Persian styles of writing, with their emphasis on coordination, seem awkward and immature to an English reader. Some Asian writers, on the other hand, use an indirect approach. In this kind of writing, the topic is viewed from a variet

19、y of angles. The topic is never analyzed directly; it is referred to only indirectly. Again, such a development in an English paragraph is awkward and unnecessarily vague to an English reader.Spanish rhetoric differs from English rhetoric in still another way. While the rules of English rhetoric req

20、uire that every sentence in a paragraph relates directly to the central idea, a Spanish-speaking writer loves to fill a paragraph with interesting digressions. Although a Spanish paragraph may begin and end on the same topic, the writer often digresses into areas that are not directly related to the

21、 topic. Spanish rhetoric, therefore, does not follow the English rules of paragraph unity. In summary, a student who has mastered the grammar of English may still write poor papers unless the rhetoric of English is also mastered. Also, the student may have difficulty reading an essay written by the

22、rules of English rhetoric unless （s）he understands the “logical” differences from those of his/her own native tongue.II. Transitional signalsRead and compare the following two paragraphsParagraph 1: A difference among the worlds seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones.

23、 The Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle east. There are reasons for this. In warm climates, water evaporates rapidly. The concentration of salt is greater. The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty se

24、a water. In cold climate zones, water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.Paragraph 2: Another difference among the worlds seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. For example, t

25、he Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry and, consequently, does

26、 not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.Frequently- used transitional signals 表关系 连接词 并列

27、连词 从句连词 其他关联词表递进 furthermore and another （名词） moreover an additional （名词） in addition表转折 on the other hand but although in spite of （名词） however yet though despite（名词） in contrast even though whereas while表选择 otherwise or if unless引出事例 for example an example of （名词） for instance such as（名词） e.g.重述 i

28、.e.表结尾 in conclusion in summary to conclude to summarizeEx. Recognizing Transition SignalsStep 1 Circle all of the transition signals in the following paragraphs. There are at least ten in each.Step 2 Punctuate the transition signals if necessaryParagraph 1 Genetic research has produced both excitin

29、g and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to the development of gene splicing. On one hand the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit mankind. For example because insulin is very expensive to obtain from natural

30、 sources scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in the laboratory. Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. Scientists foresee the day when new plants will be developed using nitrogen from the air instead of from fertilizer therefore food product

31、ion could be increased. In addition entirely new plants could be developed to feed the worlds hungry people. Not everyone is excited about gene splicing however. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. A laboratory accident for example might cause an epidemic of an unknown disease

32、 that could wipe out humanity. As a result of this controversy the government has made rules to control genetic experiments. Still many people feel that these rules are not strict enough even though the scientific community may feel that they are too strict.Paragraph 2The “womens lib” movement toward greater equality for women has produced some permanent changes in the vocabulary of English. The first change is that new words have been added.