中美商务文化差异文档格式.docx

1、【摘要】中国与美国的文化之间存在着巨大的差异，在国际商务交往的过程中，越来越多的人认识到由于文化差异的影响而导致的消极结果。本文旨在找出商务交往过程中中国与美国之间文化的差异，并进展了比照分析。本文发现，中美商务交往的过程中确实存在着巨大的文化差异，中国文化强调集体，具有等级性，躲避不确定性，间接性以与时间多元性。而美国文化如此强调个体，等级性比拟低，直接性以与时间单元性。本文的研究结果对跨商交流务参与者认识文化差异从而顺利进展商务交流具有一定的帮助作用。【Keywords】culture ,intercultural munication, cultural impact【关键词】文化，跨文

2、化交流，文化影响IntroductionWe might think that Chinese and Americans are totally different people. Not only the way they look different, but also the different cultures. So, what are the differences between Chinese and American culture?More and more people have e to realize the cultural impact and possible

3、 negative consequences that e from inappropriate munication during international business transactions. It is appropriate to give some consideration to the subject of interculturalmunication and training. The ability to municate at various levels by writing, speaking,debating, negotiating or simply

4、talking became one of the most importantskills necessary to be an effective manager or a businessman. Nonverbalmunication the so-called silent language is a source ofmanymisunderstandings. In the world where distances are diminishingand technological progress makes rapid, almost instant municationpo

5、ssible, there is more potential danger of a conflict, misunderstanding,or simply of a business loss, resulting from our deficiencies or inabilitiesto municate successfully. Apart from basicmunication skills,intercultural awareness is extremely important in a world where internationalcontacts increas

6、e and bee crucial to opening new marketsand new avenues for international business operations.Literature ReviewAs Barnard （1938） states, “munication is one of the three essential elements toan organization, as well as “mon purpose and “willingness to serve.Zuoxiaoping （2005）pointed that the influent

7、ial power of munication could be a determinant of a corporateculture when munication is taken from various facets: not only as exchange ofinformation, but also as collection, storage, reproduction and transfer ofinformationPrevious research has shown that culture influences peoples preferences of co

8、nflictmanagement styles.Based on the results of a parative study of 318 Taiwanese and 245 Americanbusiness employees, Knutsonetal（2000） concluded that pared to Taiwanese Chinese,American participants perceived the existence of conflict more frequently and preferred adirect, solution-driven conflict

9、management style.Kameda, N. （2001） states that any business, trade or educational mission conducted in a foreign countryrequires some kind of understanding that we enter an entirely foreignworld of thinking, responding, perceiving reality.Renyi（2010） says that the so-called silent language of non-ve

10、rbal behavioris limited to an entirely different cultural code than the one we arefamiliar with. Renlingling also finds that the type of responses we receive may be misinterpretedby us or we can misunderstand pletely what was being said or notsaid.Lijunru（2007） did a survey about the difference of p

11、raising and responding words between Chinese and American,and found that it is obvious choose when Chinese and American responding praise and pliment.Liuxianfang（2007） points out that American culture emphasizes the individualism and self-realization, totally focus on business operations target, str

12、ength and petitiveness.American never fix business with pleasure. However,Chinese culture is indirectly,Chinese would like to talk business while eating.DiscussionAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded colle

13、ctively. From anthropologic perspective,culture is the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people.From Social Perspective,Culture is what a society does and thinks. Culture covers everything of a society.munication is derived from the Latin word municare, meaning to shar

14、e with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.It is the perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviors and the assignment of meaning to them.In western cultures, munication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize

15、 the instrumental function of munication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal. Definitions of munication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.Intercultura

16、l munication refers to munication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbolsystems are distinct enough to alter the munication event.There is much difference in the intercultural business munication between China and America.Some contrastive analysis has been done as follows,which contain

17、s several obvious aspects.Past Orientation vs. Future OrientationAs we all know,China has a long history of five thousand years with a resplendent civilization and tradition. Chinese are proud of their five-thousand-year civilization and their intelligent and diligent ancestors who created such a sp

18、lendid culture. So Chinese movies almost tells some unknown history stories of the famous ancients or the anecdotes of the Royal,such as “Zhenhuanzhuang, “jingzhongbaoguo and so on.So we can say that China cultural is past orientation cultural. In Chinese eyes,there is a strong belief that the past

19、should be the guide of making decisions and discovering truths. The Chinese proverb “consider the past and you will know the present clearly states how important history is to the study of their culture. As Sangren（1987） concluded: “for China ,history itself is the text through which heavens order c

20、an be known. It is no wonder that history is important to both the Chinese people and anyone seeking to understand the Chinese.But American cultural is a typical future orientation.American believe future would be better than present and past, “new, “innovative are the most poplar words standing for

21、 revolution and hope. The themes of most American movies are about exploration into Space,time travel for future and so on. American are curious and they prefer to imagine what will happen and what they can or should do in the future or under some particular circumstance,such as “2012, “Avartar, “St

22、ar Trek and so on.Products in China would be regard as being of high quality if the seller or the brand has long experience of selling it,so Chinese advertisement would like to use “old age , “hundreds years stores etc to make their products popular among consumers. In America,some new things may be

23、 sell like hot cakes because of their unique feature ,so sellers would like to advertise the new with “never get or “get it before others etc.Individualism Versus CollectivismIndividualism means that the society is individual oriented,which is a loosely knit social framework; individuals are suppose

24、d to take care of themselves （I Culture ）,such as America, North European countries and so on.However,collectivism is group oriented society which is a tightly knit social framework; individuals can expect their relatives, or other in group to look after them（We Culture or I-less Culture）,such as As

25、ian countriesIn America culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group.But in China we find societies in which people from birth on-wards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups.Such a difference usually reflects in the America and the China advertisements. F

26、or example, as Chinese have the tendency of following suit, the Chinese advertisements take advantage of such kind of psychology. Advertisements tend to focus on group behavior because Chinese consumers always believe the more people buy a product, the better quality it will have. To be exact, they

27、try to persuade consumers into purchasing the advertised with the masses. We can find many examples in our daily life, which stress group behaviors such as “when everybody adds fuel ,the flame rise high, “the more people the more strength, “even the dog swaggers when its master win favor.These show

28、the collective culture of Chinese people in their work. They are greatly ready to cooperate with group members. They tend to have a homogeneous work with little differentiation between managers and workers. The high value placed on the collective fosters mutual dependence in a group environment:they interact and conduct work activities as group efforts,everyone has duty to contribute his most to the collective.However, it is just contrary with the America advertisements because individualism is firmly established in western culture and in American mind. Words such as “unique ,self