中美商务文化差异文档格式.docx

中美商务文化差异文档格式.docx

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【摘要】中国与美国的文化之间存在着巨大的差异，在国际商务交往的过程中，越来越多的人认识到由于文化差异的影响而导致的消极结果。

本文旨在找出商务交往过程中中国与美国之间文化的差异，并进展了比照分析。

本文发现，中美商务交往的过程中确实存在着巨大的文化差异，中国文化强调集体，具有等级性，躲避不确定性，间接性以与时间多元性。

而美国文化如此强调个体，等级性比拟低，直接性以与时间单元性。

本文的研究结果对跨商交流务参与者认识文化差异从而顺利进展商务交流具有一定的帮助作用。

【Keywords】culture,interculturalmunication,culturalimpact

【关键词】文化，跨文化交流，文化影响

Introduction

WemightthinkthatChineseandAmericansaretotallydifferentpeople.Notonlythewaytheylookdifferent,butalsothedifferentcultures.So,whatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculture?

Moreandmorepeoplehaveetorealizetheculturalimpactandpossiblenegativeconsequencesthatefrominappropriatemunicationduringinternationalbusinesstransactions.Itisappropriatetogivesomeconsiderationtothesubjectof"

interculturalmunication"

andtraining.Theabilitytomunicateatvariouslevels—bywriting,speaking,debating,negotiatingorsimplytalkingbecameoneofthemostimportantskillsnecessarytobeaneffectivemanagerorabusinessman.Nonverbalmunication—theso-called"

silentlanguage"

isasourceofmanymisunderstandings.Intheworldwheredistancesarediminishingandtechnologicalprogressmakesrapid,almostinstantmunicationpossible,thereismorepotentialdangerofaconflict,misunderstanding,orsimplyofabusinessloss,resultingfromourdeficienciesorinabilitiestomunicatesuccessfully.Apartfrombasicmunicationskills,interculturalawarenessisextremelyimportantinaworldwhereinternationalcontactsincreaseandbeecrucialtoopeningnewmarketsandnewavenuesforinternationalbusinessoperations.[]

LiteratureReview

AsBarnard[]（1938）states,“munication〞isoneofthethreeessentialelementstoanorganization,aswellas“monpurpose〞and“willingnesstoserve〞.Zuoxiaoping（2005）pointedthattheinfluentialpowerofmunicationcouldbeadeterminantofacorporateculturewhenmunicationistakenfromvariousfacets:

notonlyasexchangeofinformation,butalsoascollection,storage,reproductionandtransferofinformation[]

Previousresearchhasshownthatcultureinfluencespeople’spreferencesofconflictmanagementstyles.Basedontheresultsofaparativestudyof318Taiwaneseand245Americanbusinessemployees,Knutsonetal（2000）concludedthatparedtoTaiwaneseChinese,Americanparticipantsperceivedtheexistenceofconflictmorefrequentlyandpreferredadirect,solution-drivenconflictmanagementstyle.[]Kameda,N.（2001）statesthatanybusiness,tradeoreducationalmissionconductedinaforeigncountryrequiressomekindofunderstandingthatweenteranentirelyforeignworldofthinking,responding,perceivingreality[].Renyi（2010）saysthattheso-called"

silent"

languageofnon-verbalbehaviorislimitedtoanentirelydifferentculturalcodethantheonewearefamiliarwith[].Renlinglingalsofindsthatthetypeofresponseswereceivemaybemisinterpretedbyusorwecanmisunderstandpletelywhatwasbeingsaidornotsaid[].Lijunru（2007）didasurveyaboutthedifferenceofpraisingandrespondingwordsbetweenChineseandAmerican,andfoundthatitisobviouschoosewhenChineseandAmericanrespondingpraiseandpliment.[]Liuxianfang（2007）pointsoutthatAmericancultureemphasizestheindividualismandself-realization,totallyfocusonbusinessoperationstarget,strengthandpetitiveness.Americanneverfixbusinesswithpleasure.However,Chinesecultureisindirectly,Chinesewouldliketotalkbusinesswhileeating[].

Discussion

AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively"

.Fromanthropologicperspective,cultureis"

thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople.FromSocialPerspective,,Cultureiswhatasocietydoesandthinks.Culturecoverseverythingofasociety.municationisderivedfromtheLatinwordmunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakemon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Itistheperceptionofverbalandnonverbalbehaviorsandtheassignmentofmeaningtothem.Inwesterncultures,municationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofmunication;

thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.DefinitionsofmunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Interculturalmunicationreferstomunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthemunicationevent.

ThereismuchdifferenceintheinterculturalbusinessmunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica.Somecontrastiveanalysishasbeendoneasfollows,whichcontainsseveralobviousaspects.

PastOrientationvs.FutureOrientation

Asweallknow,Chinahasalonghistoryoffivethousandyearswitharesplendentcivilizationandtradition.Chineseareproudoftheirfive-thousand-yearcivilizationandtheirintelligentanddiligentancestorswhocreatedsuchasplendidculture.SoChinesemoviesalmosttellssomeunknownhistorystoriesofthefamousancientsortheanecdotesoftheRoyal,suchas“Zhenhuanzhuang〞,“jingzhongbaoguo〞andsoon.SowecansaythatChinaculturalispastorientationcultural.InChineseeyes,thereisastrongbeliefthatthepastshouldbetheguideofmakingdecisionsanddiscoveringtruths.TheChineseproverb“considerthepastandyouwillknowthepresent〞clearlystateshowimportanthistoryistothestudyoftheirculture.AsSangren（1987）concluded:

“forChina,historyitselfisthetextthroughwhichheaven’sordercanbeknown〞.ItisnowonderthathistoryisimportanttoboththeChinesepeopleandanyoneseekingtounderstandtheChinese[].ButAmericanculturalisatypicalfutureorientation.Americanbelievefuturewouldbebetterthanpresentandpast,“new〞,“innovative〞arethemostpoplarwordsstandingforrevolutionandhope.ThethemesofmostAmericanmoviesareaboutexplorationintoSpace, 

timetravelforfutureandsoon.Americanarecuriousandtheyprefertoimaginewhatwillhappenandwhattheycanorshoulddointhefutureorundersomeparticularcircumstance,suchas“2012〞,“Avartar〞,“StarTrek〞andsoon.

ProductsinChinawouldberegardasbeingofhighqualityifthesellerorthebrandhaslongexperienceofsellingit,soChineseadvertisementwouldliketouse“oldage〞,“hundredsyearsstores〞etctomaketheirproductspopularamongconsumers.InAmerica,somenewthingsmaybeselllikehotcakesbecauseoftheiruniquefeature,sosellerswouldliketoadvertisethenewwith“neverget〞or“getitbeforeothers〞etc.

IndividualismVersusCollectivism

Individualismmeansthatthesocietyisindividualoriented,whichisalooselyknitsocialframework;

individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves（ICulture）,suchasAmerica,NorthEuropeancountriesandsoon.However,collectivismisgrouporientedsocietywhichisatightlyknitsocialframework;

individualscanexpecttheirrelatives,orotheringrouptolookafterthem（WeCultureorI-lessCulture）,suchasAsiancountries

InAmericaculture,theinterestoftheindividualprevailsovertheinterestsofthegroup.ButinChinawefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthon-wardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups.SuchadifferenceusuallyreflectsintheAmericaandtheChinaadvertisements.Forexample,asChinesehavethetendencyoffollowingsuit,theChineseadvertisementstakeadvantageofsuchkindofpsychology.AdvertisementstendtofocusongroupbehaviorbecauseChineseconsumersalwaysbelievethemorepeoplebuyaproduct,thebetterqualityitwillhave.Tobeexact,theytrytopersuadeconsumersintopurchasingtheadvertisedwiththemasses.Wecanfindmanyexamplesinourdailylife,whichstressgroupbehaviorssuchas“wheneverybodyaddsfuel,theflamerisehigh〞,“themorepeoplethemorestrength〞,“eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinfavor〞.TheseshowthecollectivecultureofChinesepeopleintheirwork.Theyaregreatlyreadytocooperatewithgroupmembers.Theytendtohaveahomogeneousworkwithlittledifferentiationbetweenmanagersandworkers.Thehighvalueplacedonthecollectivefostersmutualdependenceinagroupenvironment:

theyinteractandconductworkactivitiesasgroupefforts,everyonehasdutytocontributehismosttothecollective.However,itisjustcontrarywiththeAmericaadvertisementsbecauseindividualismisfirmlyestablishedinwesterncultureandinAmericanmind.Wordssuchas“unique〞,〞self