学术英语医学课后问题答案文档格式.docx

1、Blood tests doneGlucose a little betterHer blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:Cholesterol not so greatHer weight a little upHer bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorios

2、 conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent and completely justified request”： the form signed by her doctor.The doctor tried to or at least

3、 pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just

4、 an illusion both in computers and human beings. Differences:The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings

5、are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、7 medical issues to consider5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue7 x 5 = 35 thoughts10 patients that afternoon35 x 10 = 350 thoughts5 residents under the authors supervision4 patients seen by each resident10 th

6、oughts, at least, generated from each patient5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in totalIf the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:Computer-generated reminders

7、Case managersAncillary servicesThe simplest solution: timeUnit2 1、The author implies: Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseasesUnfinishe

8、d war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:Surgeon General William Stewarts hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccinesThe thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What fol

9、lowed ever since:Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and EbolaComeback of the old afflictions: Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union TB in urban centers like New York City Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet feverThe fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborat

10、e on the joined battle:WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbe

11、s, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spreadEmerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strainA ride on the HIV won by attacking the immunocompromised Group A strep:A change in

12、virulenceMutation in the exterior of the bacterium Flu:Constant changes in its coat （surface antigens） and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.Due to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in

13、the former Soviet Union is serious. The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:The need for surveillanceUpdated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the fieldAppropriate prevention and control

14、Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terrys life beforeShe loved practicing Tae Kwon DoShe loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled comba

15、t of tournaments.She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune

16、disease:Loss of stamina and strengthProblems with balanceBouts of horrific facial pain Dips in visual acuity 3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:She started injections.She adopted many pharmacotherapies.She began her own study of literature: She read articles on websites such as P

17、ubMed. She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types dementia， Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, and Lou Gehrigs disease. She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysio

18、logy.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal modelsSelf-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MSOnline search to identify the sources of micro

19、nutrients and having a new dietReduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillingsHigh levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in IowaThe strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegener

20、ationThe association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitaminsInefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health p

21、roblems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to h

22、elp lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these out

23、side the mainstream.2TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are ind

24、eed all natural, from nature.TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency is proven and ensured.Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatmen

25、t, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthri

26、tis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupunctureHigher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellnessEx

27、ploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancementImproved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupunctureGreater interest by stakeholdersAn increasing number of physician ac

28、upuncturists5、Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance: Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulasDigression from either of the above guidence will lead to

29、 misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patientRandomized controlled trials Advantages: Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group Tendency to produce comparable groups Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of sign

30、ificance Limitations: Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an issue Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large sample groups Quasi-experiments Control group comparisons possible Reduced threats to external validity as natural envir