学术英语医学课后问题答案文档格式.docx

学术英语医学课后问题答案文档格式.docx

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Bloodtestsdone

Glucosealittlebetter

HerbloodpressurealittlebetterbutnotsogreatBadthings:

Cholesterolnotsogreat

Herweightalittleup

HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan4

4、Thesituation:

Theauthorwasinamoderatestateofpanic:

jugglingsomanythoughtsaboutMrs.Osorio’sconditionsandtryingtoresolvethemallbeforetheclockrandown.

Mrs.Osoriomadeatrivialrequest,notsoimportantascomparedtoherconditions.

Mrs.Osorioseemedtocareonlyabouther“innocent—andcompletelyjustified—request”：

theformsignedbyherdoctor.

Thedoctortriedtooratleastpretendedtopayattentiontothepatientwhilecompletingdocumentation.

5、Similarities:

Incomputermultitasking,amicroprocessoractuallyperformsonlyonetaskatatime.Likemicroprocessors,wehumanbeingscarftactuallyconcentrateontwothoughtsatthesameexacttime.Multitaskingisjustanillusionbothincomputersandhumanbeings.

Differences:

Theconceptofmultitaskingoriginatedincomputerscience.

Atbest,humanbeingscanjuggleonlyahandfulofthoughtsinamultitaskingmanner,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

Themorethoughtshumanbeingsjuggle,thelesshumanbeingsareabletoattunefullytoanygiventhought,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

6、

7medicalissuestoconsider

5separatethoughts,atleast,foreachissue

7x5=35thoughts

10patientsthatafternoon

35x10=350thoughts

5residentsundertheauthorssupervision

4patientsseenbyeachresident

10thoughts,atleast,generatedfromeachpatient

5x4x10=anther200thoughts

350+200=550thoughtstobehandledintotal

Ifthedoctordoesagoodjobjuggling98%ofthetime,thatstillleavesabout10thoughtsthatmightgetlostintheprocess.

7、Possiblesolutions:

Computer-generatedreminders

Casemanagers

Ancillaryservices

Thesimplestsolution:

time

Unit2

1、Theauthorimplies:

•Peoplesinadequateconsciousnessabouttheconsequenceofneglectingthere-emerginginfectiousdiseases

Unjustifiabilityofpeoplescomplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontroloftheinfectiousdiseases

Unfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseases

2、Victorydeclarations:

SurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart'

shyperbolicstatementofclosing“thebookoninfectiousdisease”.

Astringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccines

ThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverWhatfollowedeversince:

AppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbola

Comebackoftheoldafflictions:

»

DiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnion

TBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCity

RisingGroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfever

Thefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworld

3、Elaborateonthejoinedbattle:

WHOestablishedanewdivisiondevotedtoworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolofemergingdiseaseinOctober1995.

CDClaunchedapreventionstrategyin1994.

Congressraisedfundfrom$6.7millionin1995to$26millionin1997.

4、Thebordersaremeaninglesstopathogenicmicrobes,whichcantravelfromonecountrytoanotherremotecountryinaveryshorttime.

5、TB:

PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealplacesforTBspread

Emergingofdrug-resistantstrainorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrain

ArideontheHIVw^onbyattackingtheimmunocompromised

GroupAstrep:

Achangeinvirulence

Mutationintheexteriorofthebacterium

Flu:

Constantchangesinitscoat（surfaceantigens）andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulence

6、Examples:

ExperimentinEnglandisseeingthewaningimmunitybecauseofnovaccination.

Duetopoorvaccinationefforts,thediphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionisserious.'

•ThevaccinationratesaredroppinginsomeAmericancities,anditwillleadtomorediphtheriaandwhoopingcough.

7、Thefourareasoffocus:

Theneedforsurveillance

Updatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefield

Appropriatepreventionandcontrol

Strongpublichealthinfrastructure

8、TheinfectiousdiseasessuchasTB,flu,diphtheriaandscarletfeverwillneverreallygoaway,andthewaragainstthemwillneverend.

Unit3

1、Terry'

slifebefore

ShelovedpracticingTaeKwonDo

Shelovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledcombatoftournaments.

Shecompetednationally,evenwonbronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGames.

Sheattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresident,andbecameanacademicgeneralinternist.

Shegotmarriedandgotasonandadaughter.

2、ThesymptomsofMSandautoimmunedisease:

Lossofstaminaandstrength

Problemswithbalance

Boutsofhorrificfacialpain

Dipsinvisualacuity

3、Terrydidthefollowingbeforesheself-experimented:

Shestartedinjections.

Sheadoptedmanypharmacotherapies.

Shebeganherownstudyofliterature:

ShereadarticlesonwebsitessuchasPubMed.

ShesearchedforarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels.

Sheturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypes—dementia，Parkinson'

sdisease,Huntington'

sdisease,andLouGehrig'

sdisease.

Sherelearnedbasicsciencessuchascellularphysiology,biochemistry,andneurophysiology.

4、ApproachesTerrymainlyused:

Self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodels

Self-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationwhichisnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS

Onlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsandhavinganewdiet

Reductionoffoodallergiesandtoxicload

5、Casesmentionedinthetext:

Increasedmercurystoresinthebrainsofpeoplewithdentalfillings

HighlevelsoftheherbicideatrazineinprivatewellsinIowa

Thestrongassociationbetweenpesticideexposureandneurodegeneration

Theassociationofsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinvolvingmetabolismofsulfurand/orBvitamins

Inefficientclearingoftoxins

6、With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthanthegenes,wecantakemanyhealthproblemsandthehealthcarecrisisunderourcontrol,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload.

Unit4

1、Twoconcepts:

Complementarymedicinereferstotheuseofconventionaltherapiestogetherwithalternativetreatmentssuchasusingacupunctureinadditiontousualcaretohelplessenpain.ComplementaryandalternativemedicineisshortenedasCAM.

Alternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionaltherapies—likeacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine.Theyarecalledsobecausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticesliketheseoutsidethemainstream.

2

TCMdoesnotrequireadvanced,complicated,andinmostcases,expensivefacilities.

TCMemploysneedles,cups,coins,tomentionbutafew.

MostproceduresandoperationsofTCMarenoninvasive.

Thesubstancesusedasmedicinearerawherbsorabstractsfromthem,andtheyareindeedallnatural,fromnature.

TCMhasbeenpracticedaslongastheChinesehistory,sotheefficiencyisprovenandensured.

Ongoingresearcharoundtheworldonacupuncture,herbs,massageandTaiChihaveshedlightonsomeofthetheoriesandpracticesofTCM

3、Itmaybeusedasanadjuncttreatment,analternative,orpartofacomprehensivemanagementprogramforanumberofconditions:

post-operativeandchemotherapyinducednauseaandvomiting,post-operativedentalpain,addiction,strokerehabilitation,headache,menstrualcramps,tenniselbow,fibromyalgia,myofascialpain,osteoarthritis,lowbackpain,carpaltunnelsyndrome,andasthma.

4、Awell-justifiedNO:

Moreintenseresearchtouncoveradditionalareasfortheuseofacupuncture

Higheradoptionofacupunctureasacommontherapeuticmodalitynotonlyintreatmentbutalsoinpreventionofdiseaseandpromotionofwellness

Explorationandperfectionofinnovativemethodsofacupuncturepointstimulationwithtechnologicaladvancement

Improvedunderstandingofneuroscienceandotheraspectsofhumanphysiologyandfunctionbybasicresearchonacupuncture

Greaterinterestbystakeholders

Anincreasingnumberofphysicianacupuncturists

5、

Appropriateusesofherbsdependonproperguidance:

ProperTCMdiagnosisofthezhengofthepatient

Correctselectionofthecorrespondingtherapeuticstrategiesandprinciplesthatguidethechoiceofherbsandherbalformulas

Digressionfromeitheroftheaboveguidencewillleadtomisusesofherbs,andwillresultincomplicationsinpatient

Randomizedcontrolledtrials

Advantages:

»

Eliminationofthepotentialbiasintheallocationofparticipantstotheinterventiongrouporcontrolgroup

Tendencytoproducecomparablegroups

Guaranteedvalidityofstatisticaltestsofsignificance

Limitations:

Difficultyingeneralizingtheresultsobtainedfromtheselectedsamplingtothepopulationasawhole

Apoorchoiceforresearchwheretemporalfactorsareanissue

Extremelyheavyresources,requiringverylargesamplegroups

•Quasi-experiments

Controlgroupcomparisonspossible

Reducedthreatstoexternalvalidityasnaturalenvir