赖世雄英语语法Word文档格式.docx

1、I am sure of how hell cope with the problemI am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.I am worried about the fact that he can do it.这里因为介词+ that从句，所以，需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fact的同位语，都是介词的宾语。I am worried about his playing around all day.I am worried about his not studying.这里，介词后边的还是宾

2、语，其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句，需要变换，所以变成这样了。原句是：that he plays around all day.-his playing around all day. that he not study.- his not studying.变化的过程中，去掉that,助动词，变所有格，动词变成动名词。that he doesnt study-That the team will win the gamethe teams winning the game.be + adj. + that 从句I am worried that he plays aroun

3、d all day.（状语从句，修饰形容词）I am sure that the team has won the game（状语从句）.有时，介词后也可以直接加that从句。是固定的。In that = becauseExcept that He is great in that he can speak five different languages.二、名词短语做主语名词短语：疑问词+不定式短语Where to liveWhether to try again.When to talk to hime三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语From .to It is about 160 kil

4、ometers from Beijing to Xiamen.1.2 动词的种类及其用法完全（complete） 及物（intransitive） 两种修饰，出来4个形态，还有一个是授予动词（Dative），所以总共有5种动词。Atransitiveverb has a direct object. （动词） 及物的;传递；及物动词1.完全不及物动词 判断方法：把动词放入中间。我。他他被我。两句都没有毛病的及物，有毛病的，不及物。如kill 我杀他 他被我杀，可以，为及物动词Dance 我跳他，他被我跳，不及物动词有的动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如kill 有杀某人，也有杀戮的意思，前者

5、是及物，后者是不及物动词2.不及物动词+同源名词有些不及物动词，以同源名词作宾语后，可以变为及物动词Dream a terrible dream.Live a happy lifeSmile a bright smile.3.完全及物动词与完全不及物动词完全及物动词（需要加宾语的动词）：即加了宾语后，意思完全。He killed her. 有一个作用对象的动词。完全不及物动词（无需加宾语）：He laughed.The book was written by himThe book :主语，此时，为write的对象。He wrote a book.4.完全不及物动词出现的形态。Somethin

6、g happened.过去时Something was happening. 进行时。完全不及物动词：完整的动词，放在主语后，可单独存在，意义完整，无需任何词类补充其意思的不足；但，完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语（如介词短语，状语从句），以修饰该动词。Something happened yesterday. 时间名词作状语，修饰happened.这里，yesterday做时间状语He died in an accident. 介词短语，做副词，修饰died.He left because he didnt want to see Mary again. 状语从句，做副词，修饰lef

7、t5.不完全不及物动词即，系动词，意思不完全，无法单独存在，周后要接名词、形容词的对等语（如代词，动名词，不定式，动名词从句，名词短语等），以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语，同时修饰主语，故称为主语补足语或表语。He looks happy. Look是系动词，形容词happy做补语，做主语补语。He became a good student. 名词做补语，做主语补语，修饰主语。My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语，做主语补语。He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语，做主语补语。6.不完全不及物动词的判定方法系动词 如becom

8、e（1）确定及物不及物我变成他他被我变成。所以为不及物动词（2）确定完全不完全。 主语+动词 主语+be+动词-ing 我变成 我在变成。 所以为不完全动词。综上为，不完全，不及物动词，需要加补语。什么是完全，即看看要不要加补语。7.不完全不及物动词的种类及其主语补语用法系动词7.1be动词be动词后用名词对等语（名词，名词从句，名词短语，动名词，不定式），形容词（做形容词的现在分词，过去分词，介词短语，地点副词或地点副词短语）做补语。Be动词的三种翻译：名词作补语时，翻译为“是”；形容词做补语时，be动词，不翻译；地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时，be动词，翻译为“在”。He is a gre

9、at hero 名词作补语。The problem is whether he can join us 名词从句做补语。The question is when to set off 名词短语做补语。My hobby is collecting stamps. 做名词用的动名词短语，即名词，做补语My purpose is to see him. 做名词用的不定式短语，即名词，做补语。She is beautiful. 形容词做补语。The question is interesting. 做形容词用的现在分词做补语。I am interested in the question.做形容词用的

10、过去分词做补语。 The book is of no use.做作形容词用的介词短语做补语。Of+抽象名词（形容词） She is there.地点副词做补语。 They are upstairs.地点副词做补语。 Is he home now?地点副词做补语。Be 动词后的现在分词有两种形式：做形容词，做动词。形容词时，翻译为“。的”动词时，翻译为“正在。”Be 动词后的过去分词也有两种形式：形容词，动词的被动语态。形容词时，翻译为：的。动词时，翻译为：被是哪个词性的判断方法：把be动词后面的和主语互换，看能不能换。He is washing the car.换了以后：Washing the

11、 car is he.不可以，所以是现在分词，不是动名词。His job is washing cars.Washing cars is his job。可以，所以，是动名词，动词短语做主语。Whether从句做及物动词的宾语时，名词从句连接词whether可用if代替。I dont know whether the typhoon will come.= I dont know if the typhoon will come. Whether引导的名词从句，作宾语。介词之后无宾语时，可单独存在做副词使用，和地点副词一样，有形容词的功能，也可以作为be动词之后的补语。He is in.介词副

12、词。He is in the house 地点副词短语，有形容词功能，做补语。强迫/要求/催促。此类动词+宾语+不定式短语。此时，不定式短语宾语补足语。I forced him to recite the lesson. 不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。I asked him to write the letter. 不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。He was asked to write the letter 不定式短语修饰主语，做主语的补语。任命动词：选举，指派，宾语之后用表支委的名词作补语，通常该名词之前要省略冠词。Elect ,assign.We elected him ch

13、airman of the committee.We assigned him platoon leader.认定动词：即，表“视为”的意思，加了宾语以后，用名词或形容词做宾语的补语We regard him as a geniusWe take him for a genius.We consider him to be a genius.也可以省略to beWe consider him a genius.一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语，但表示“视为”意思的动词与介词as或for连用时，该介词之后省略了动名词being,而直接连接形容词与其后。所以，动词表“视为”的意思时，后面的介词

14、后直接加形容词。其他情况，加名词或动名词。I regard him as nice（adj. 介词后的形容词，做宾语的补语）虚宾语：Think,believe,find,deem,consider这五个动词做不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式短语做宾语，一定要用虚宾语，即it取代。主语+think+it+宾语补语+to V（真宾语）I think it necessaryto do the job.It是形式宾语，necessary 形容词，做宾语的补语，to do the job 真正的宾语。但find, believe, think, deem, consider也可做完全及物动词，此时要

15、用that引导的名词从句做宾语。I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard. 宾语从句做宾语有时，that从句做及物动词的宾语时，that可以省略。I believe it is worthwhile to study hard. 省略that的宾语从句做宾语。Make 表示“使成为”时，为不完全及物动词，此时不定式短语不能做宾语，必须要用It做形式宾语。He make it a rule to get up early. 不定式做真宾语 it做形式宾语，a rule做宾语补语。授予动词授予动词有两个宾语：第一个宾语做间接宾语，表授予的对象，第二

16、个宾语做直接宾语，表授予的东西。I will give you his watch. you 做间接宾语，his watch做直接宾语。直接宾语与间接宾语倒置的方法：1.表“给予”的意思，用to.I gave him the books.= I gave the books to him.2.表“代劳”的意思，用forI made him a chair. = I made a chair for him.3.表“从中”用of.I asked him a question I aske a question of him.He required nothing of me. 这里me 和 no

17、thing都是宾语，不是做修饰。与授予动词并用的ofHe robbed me of my money. me和my money是宾语，但是rob时，对象是Of前面的。表“提供”的授予动词。Offer,proviede，除offer以外，要和介词with 连用。He offered meall I needed. Me 间接宾语，all I needed直接宾语。He provided me with all I needed = He provide all I needed for me.Present时，用to.He presented a watch to me = He present

18、ed me with a watch.第2章句子的连接2.1 破折号破折号，连接句子或同位语。第一种用法：补充第一个句子。用来强调第一个从句，补充意思的不足，翻译为“也就是说”，“换句话说”。He is a trashhe is good for nothing.破折号前后都是句子，翻译为：他是个垃圾，换句话说，他什么都不是。第二种用法：连接同位语His hobbytaking picturesis a far cry from mine.此时，不能His hobbytaking pictures is a far cry from mine.He finally made his purpo

19、se known to usto run after Susan不定式，做purpose的同位语，即，放在修饰后面。不是直接连接一起的。2.2 冒号冒号连接句子时，强调句子中的名词。He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.2.3 分号2.3.1分号=，+连词He is a man of principle, so we all respect him.He is man of principle; we all respect him.2.3.2 句号代替逗号。He said that he had no money; th

20、at, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.Because of his ill temper是插入语。He said that he had no money,that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.有三个that从句，做said的宾语，叫做，并列从句，用逗号相隔。加上插入语 because of his ill temper时，怎么插呢，

21、插在中间时，因为插入语会引入两个逗号，这样就看不出来，哪个是并列从句，哪个是宾语，所以加上分号。这样一看就看出来是并列的宾语。He said that he had no money;and that he expected me to help him.划线的是said的三个that宾语从句。He enjoys dancing, swimming and jogging.加上插入语后。He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming; jogging.或者：He enjoys dancing;swimming, which he often do

22、es on Sundays; and jogging. swimming, which he often does on Sundays;2.4 并列连词And ;or;but;not only.but also;rather than1.连接单词词，只有三个and or ,but He is kind and handsome.并列连词做主语补语。2.连接短语He came to see him and tell him the truth. 并列的不定式短语。第二个to省略了，找不到的一般是省略了。He came to see him and to tell him the truth.4

23、.连接句子He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard. 并列的状语从句。Not only can she sing, but he can dance. 并列的句子。连词的独立用法：此时是根据上下文。.And he took my advice.2.5 连接副词只能用于连接句子和句子之间，即连接从句。I like him because he is easy to get along with.When he came , I was writinga letter.这里是，连接副词。常用的连接

24、副词：because, though, if, unless, as soon as, when, once等等。连接副词引导状语从句，修饰主句。连接副词冠于任何一个从句前面，该从句就成为一个状语从句，即状语从句。状语从句不能单独存在，需要依赖主句，整个状语从句可视为副词，用来修饰主句。I like him because he is nice 状语从句，修饰主句。Because he is nice, I like him.任何一个连接副词引导的状语从句置于主句之后，两句间不置逗号，若，状语从句置于主句之前，则两句间通常置逗号。Though he did poorly on the exam

25、, his father didnt blame him.= His father didnt blame him though he did poorly on the exam.偶尔，当然，有的人也可以加逗号的，只是不专业。His father didnt blame him, though he did poorly on the exam.连接性副词：即，副词有连词的意味，但却不能做连词用，此类副词称为连接性副词；此类副词前要有分号，用以连接两个句子，即不加分号时，看着就不对。He is nice; however I dont like him.He is kind; we, the

26、refore, like him. 一样的，此时把however插入到句子中。即。 however I dont like him= He is nice; I , however, dont like him. 就是把逗号换成分号而已。While做连接副词及并列连词表“当”时，while视为连接副词，引导状语从句；表“而”时，视为并列连词，引导主句。He is nice,whilehis brother is bad. 并列连词。While he is nice, his brother is bad. 把while提前了，但意思时一样的，都是引导主句。He is nice 和his bro

27、ther is bad 都是两个主句。While I was writing a letter, she was doing dishes.While I was writing a letter做状语从句She was doing dishes 主句。第3章关系词3.1 关系代词relative pronoun 关系代词；相对的代词。关系代词有连词的功能，用以引导定语从句。He is a man who always means what he says.Who指代a man这个词。Thats the bookwhich I like.Which 指代the book这个词。He works

28、 hard, which is a fact that we all know.Which前有逗号，所以which指代的是he works hard这个句子。That指代的是a fact.指代人时，主格用who，即在who引导的定语从句中做主语，宾格用whom，即，在所引导的定语从句中做宾语。Which主格宾格都是which,代替事物和句子时也都是which关系代词之前要有它要代替的先行词；关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要做主语、宾语或be动词的补语（补语只有be动词有）；否点关系代词之前一定要用介词。He is a good student who studies hard.Who指代student,在所引导的定语从句who studies hard中，who是主语，studies是