英语语言学导学手册(下).doc

1、英语语言学导学手册（下）语用学基本知识1. What does pragmatics study? 语用学是什么？Pragmatics is the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.The development of pragmatics within linguistics is the necessary consequence of the development of linguistic studies, especially that

2、of semantics. Although both pragmatics and semantics basically study meaning, pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation but in context.1.1 sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 句子意义与话语意义Sentence meaning refers to the abstract context-independent entit

3、y called semantic proposition. On the other hand, utterance meaning is context-dependent. It is generally regarded as the product of sentence meaning and context; therefore the meaning of an utterance is richer than the meaning of the sentence from which it is derived. Utterance meaning is identical

4、 with the purpose for which the speaker utters the sentence.1.2 Context 语境Context is an important notion in the pragmatic study of meaning. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. It includes background knowledge, i.e. knowledge of the world,

5、knowledge specific to the situation of communication, as well as knowledge of the language they use.2. Speech Act Theory 言语行为理论The speech act theory proposed by John Austin is an important theory in the study of meaning as related to the context. According to this theory, we are performing various k

6、inds of acts when we are speaking; thus linguistic communication is composed of a succession of acts.2.1 Constative and Performative Utterances 陈述性话语与行为性话语Austin first made the primary distinction between two types of utterances: constative and performative. The constative utterance is verifiable an

7、d it is either true or false. The performative utterance is used o perform an action and has no true value. But Austin was not satisfied with it; he finally conducted a new model.2.2 Austins New Model 奥斯汀的新模式According to Austins new model, a speaker, while making an utterance, is in most cases perfo

8、rming three acts simultaneously.a) A Locutionary Act 以言指事行为A locutionary act is the act of saying something; it is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.b) An Illocutionary Act 以言做事行为An illocutionary act is the act performed in saying something; its force is

9、identical with the speakers intention.c) A Perlcutionary Act 以言成事行为A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.2.3 Searles Contributions to the Speech Act Theory 斯尔对言语行为理论的贡献a) The Distinction

10、 and Relatedness between the Propositional Content and Illocutionary ActThe propositional content of an utterance is constituted by what object is being referred to in the utterance and what action is predicated about the object.b) The Classification of Illocutionary Act 以言做事行为的分类Searle specifies fi

11、ve general types of Illocutionary acts(1) Representatives 阐述类The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to somethings being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition. In other words, while performing this type of act, the speaker is making a statement or giving

12、 a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.(2) Directives 指令类 Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, warning, threatening, orde

13、ring are all specific instance of this class.(3) Commissives 承诺类Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical cases.(4) Expressives 表达类The illocutionary point of expressives is to exp

14、ress the psychological state specified in the propositional content. The speaker is expressing his feelings and attitudes towards the existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.(5) Declarations 宣布类 The last class declarations has the characteristic that the successful perf

15、ormance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality.3. Principles of Conversation 会话原则3.1 The Co-operative Principle 合作原则 In making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He

16、calls this guiding principle the Cooperative Principle. He further specifies four maxims:a) The Maxim of Quantity 量的准则(1) Make your contribution as informative as required.(2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.b) The Maxim of Quality 质的准则(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.(2) Dot not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.c) The Maxim of Relation 关