英语语言学导学手册(下).doc

英语语言学导学手册(下).doc

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《英语语言学》导学手册（下）

语用学基本知识

1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?

语用学是什么？

Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

Thedevelopmentofpragmaticswithinlinguisticsisthenecessaryconsequenceofthedevelopmentoflinguisticstudies,especiallythatofsemantics.Althoughbothpragmaticsandsemanticsbasicallystudymeaning,pragmaticsdiffersfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.

1.1sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning句子意义与话语意义

Sentencemeaningreferstotheabstractcontext-independententitycalledsemanticproposition.Ontheotherhand,utterancemeaningiscontext-dependent.Itisgenerallyregardedastheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext;thereforethemeaningofanutteranceisricherthanthemeaningofthesentencefromwhichitisderived.Utterancemeaningisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.

1.2Context语境

Contextisanimportantnotioninthepragmaticstudyofmeaning.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Itincludesbackgroundknowledge,i.e.knowledgeoftheworld,knowledgespecifictothesituationofcommunication,aswellasknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse.

2.SpeechActTheory言语行为理论

ThespeechacttheoryproposedbyJohnAustinisanimportanttheoryinthestudyofmeaningasrelatedtothecontext.Accordingtothistheory,weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking;thuslinguisticcommunicationiscomposedofasuccessionofacts.

2.1ConstativeandPerformativeUtterances陈述性话语与行为性话语

Austinfirstmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances:

constativeandperformative.Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.Theperformativeutteranceisusedoperformanactionandhasnotruevalue.ButAustinwasnotsatisfiedwithit;hefinallyconductedanewmodel.

2.2Austin’sNewModel奥斯汀的新模式

AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeaker,whilemakinganutterance,isinmostcasesperformingthreeactssimultaneously.

a）ALocutionaryAct以言指事行为

Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething;itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

b）AnIllocutionaryAct以言做事行为

Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.

c）APerlcutionaryAct以言成事行为

Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

2.3Searle’sContributionstotheSpeechActTheory斯尔对言语行为理论的贡献

a）TheDistinctionandRelatednessbetweenthePropositionalContentandIllocutionaryAct

Thepropositionalcontentofanutteranceisconstitutedbywhatobjectisbeingreferredtointheutteranceandwhatactionispredicatedabouttheobject.

b）TheClassificationofIllocutionaryAct以言做事行为的分类

SearlespecifiesfivegeneraltypesofIllocutionaryacts

（1）Representatives阐述类

Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase,tothetruthoftheexpressedproposition.Inotherwords,whileperformingthistypeofact,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.

（2）Directives指令类

Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,warning,threatening,orderingareallspecificinstanceofthisclass.

（3）Commissives承诺类

Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalcases.

（4）Expressives表达类

Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedinthepropositionalcontent.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsandattitudestowardstheexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.

（5）Declarations宣布类

Thelastclass‘declarations’hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality.

3.PrinciplesofConversation会话原则

3.1TheCo-operativePrinciple合作原则

Inmakingconversation,thereis,asGriceholds,ageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.HecallsthisguidingprincipletheCooperativePrinciple.Hefurtherspecifiesfourmaxims:

a）TheMaximofQuantity量的准则

（1）Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.

（2）Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

b）TheMaximofQuality质的准则

（1）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

（2）Dotnotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

c）TheMaximofRelation关