女性主义的英文材料文档格式.docx

1、Contents o HistoryFeminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, May 6, 1912.Main article: See also:Depending on historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians assert that all movements that work to obtain should b

2、e considered feminist movements, even when they did not （or do not） apply the term to themselves. Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and its descendants. Those historians use the label to describe earlier movements.The history of the modern wester

3、n feminist movements is divided into three waves. Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The comprised movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, promoting womens right to vote. The was associated with the ideas and actions of the beginning in the 1960s.

4、The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a period of activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth

5、century. In the and , it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of womens , though some feminists were active in campaigning fo

6、r womens sexual, , and economic rights as well. along with other suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads The Frenchwoman Must Vote. was achieved in Britains colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies of and granting women the in 1893 and 1895 respectively.

7、 It was followed by Australia permitting women to stand for parliamentary office and granting women the right to vote.In the and the campaigned for the womens vote, and in 1918 the was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned houses. In 1928 this was extended to all women over

8、twenty-one. In the U.S., notable leaders of this movement included , , and , who each campaigned for the prior to championing womens right to vote. These women were influenced by the theology of spiritual equality, which asserts that men and women are equal under God. In the United States, first-wav

9、e feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the （1919）, granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retroactively to categorize these western movements after the term began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on figh

10、ting social and cultural inequalities as political inequalities.During the late and reform movements such as the , Chinese feminists called for womens liberation from traditional roles and gender segregation. Later, the created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that

11、 the revolution had successfully achieved womens liberation.In 1899, , considered the father of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women. founded the in 1923, and became its president and a symbol of the Arab womens rights movement. Arab femin

12、ism was closely connected with .The in 1905 triggered the , which aimed to achieve womens equality in education, marriage, careers, and legal rights. However, during the of 1979, many of the rights that women had gained from the womens movement were systematically abolished, such as the .In France,

13、women obtained the only with the of 21 April 1944. The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1944 proposed on 24 March 1944 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by , they were given full citizenship, including the right to vote. Greniers proposition was adopted 51 to 16. In May 194

14、7, following the , the sociologist Robert Verdier minimized the , stating in that women had not voted in a consistent way, dividing themselves, as men, according to social classes. During the period, feminism waned in importance. Wars （both World War I and World War II） had seen the provisional eman

15、cipation of some, individual, women, but post-war periods signaled the return to conservative roles.Mid-twentieth centuryFrench philosopher provided a solution and an view on many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxime Sexe （） in 1949. The book expressed feminists sense of i

16、njustice. is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with . Second wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality other than suffrage, such as ending discrimination.Second-wave feminists see womens cultural and political inequa

17、lities as inextricably linked and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting power structures. The feminist activist and author coined the slogan The Personal is Political, which became synonymous with the second wave.Second and third-wave f

18、eminism in China has been characterized by a re-examination of womens roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new discussions about whether womens equality has actually been fully achieved.In 1956, President of Egypt initiated , which outlawed discrimination based on ge

19、nder and granted womens suffrage, but also blocked political activism by feminist leaders. During s presidency, his wife, , publicly advocated for further womens rights, though Egyptian policy and society began to move away from womens equality with the new movement and growing conservatism. However

20、, some activists proposed a new feminist movement, , which argues for womens equality within an Islamic framework.In Latin America, revolutions brought changes in womens status in countries such as , where aided womens quality of life but fell short of achieving a social and ideological change.Late

21、twentieth and early twenty-first centuriesIn the early 1990s in the USA, began as a response to perceived failures of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the second wave. Third-wave feminism seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second waves defin

22、itions of , which, they argue, over-emphasize the experiences of upper middle-class white women. Third-wave feminists often focus on micro-politics and challenge the second waves paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for women, and tend to use a interpretation of gender and sexuality. Feminist lea

23、ders rooted in the second wave, such as , , Chela Sandoval, , , , and many other black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.Since the 1980s have argued that the feminist movement should address global issues （such as rape, ,

24、and ） and culturally specific issues （such as in some parts of Africa and the Middle East and practices that impede womens advancement in developed economies） in order to understand how gender inequality interacts with , , and in a matrix of domination. Third-wave feminism also contains internal deb

25、ates between , who believe that there are important differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to .The term is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the 1980s. While n

26、ot being anti-feminist, post-feminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals. The term was first used to describe a backlash against , but it is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist

27、discourses and includes challenges to the second waves ideas. Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to todays society. Amelia Jones has written that the post-feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity.Theory and Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophica