女性主义的英文材料文档格式.docx
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Contents
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History
FeministSuffrageParadeinNewYorkCity,May6,1912.
Mainarticle:
Seealso:
Dependingonhistoricalmoment,cultureandcountry,feministsaroundtheworldhavehaddifferentcausesandgoals.Mostwesternfeministhistoriansassertthatallmovementsthatworktoobtainshouldbeconsideredfeministmovements,evenwhentheydidnot(ordonot)applythetermtothemselves.Otherhistoriansassertthatthetermshouldbelimitedtothemodernfeministmovementanditsdescendants.Thosehistoriansusethelabel"
"
todescribeearliermovements.
Thehistoryofthemodernwesternfeministmovementsisdividedintothree"
waves"
.Eachwavedealtwithdifferentaspectsofthesamefeministissues.Thecomprisedmovementsofthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,promotingwomen'
srighttovote.Thewasassociatedwiththeideasandactionsofthebeginninginthe1960s.Thesecondwavecampaignedforlegalandsocialequalityforwomen.Theisacontinuationof,andareactionto,theperceivedfailuresofsecond-wavefeminism,beginninginthe1990s.
Nineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies
wasaperiodofactivityduringthenineteenthcenturyandearlytwentiethcentury.Intheand,itfocusedonthepromotionofequalcontract,marriage,parenting,andpropertyrightsforwomen.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,activismfocusedprimarilyongainingpoliticalpower,particularlytherightofwomen'
s,thoughsomefeministswereactiveincampaigningforwomen'
ssexual,,andeconomicrightsaswell.
alongwithothersuffragettesin1935.Thenewspaperheadlinereads"
TheFrenchwomanMustVote."
wasachievedinBritain'
scoloniesatthecloseofthe19thcentury,withtheself-governingcoloniesofandgrantingwomenthein1893and1895respectively.ItwasfollowedbyAustraliapermittingwomentostandforparliamentaryofficeandgrantingwomentherighttovote.
Intheandthecampaignedforthewomen'
svote,andin1918thewaspassedgrantingthevotetowomenovertheageof30whoownedhouses.In1928thiswasextendedtoallwomenovertwenty-one.IntheU.S.,notableleadersofthismovementincluded,,and,whoeachcampaignedforthepriortochampioningwomen'
srighttovote.Thesewomenwereinfluencedbythetheologyofspiritualequality,whichassertsthatmenandwomenareequalunderGod.IntheUnitedStates,first-wavefeminismisconsideredtohaveendedwiththepassageofthe(1919),grantingwomentherighttovoteinallstates.Thetermfirstwavewascoinedretroactivelytocategorizethesewesternmovementsafterthetermbegantobeusedtodescribeanewerfeministmovementthatfocusedasmuchonfightingsocialandculturalinequalitiesaspoliticalinequalities.
Duringthelateandreformmovementssuchasthe,Chinesefeministscalledforwomen'
sliberationfromtraditionalrolesandgendersegregation.Later,thecreatedprojectsaimedatintegratingwomenintotheworkforce,andclaimedthattherevolutionhadsuccessfullyachievedwomen'
sliberation.
In1899,,consideredthe"
father"
ofArabfeminism,wroteTheLiberationofWomen,whicharguedforlegalandsocialreformsforwomen.foundedthein1923,andbecameitspresidentandasymboloftheArabwomen'
srightsmovement.Arabfeminismwascloselyconnectedwith.
Thein1905triggeredthe,whichaimedtoachievewomen'
sequalityineducation,marriage,careers,andlegalrights.However,duringtheof1979,manyoftherightsthatwomenhadgainedfromthewomen'
smovementweresystematicallyabolished,suchasthe.
InFrance,womenobtainedtheonlywiththeof21April1944.TheConsultativeAssemblyofAlgiersof1944proposedon24March1944togranteligibilitytowomenbutfollowinganamendmentby,theyweregivenfullcitizenship,includingtherighttovote.Grenier'
spropositionwasadopted51to16.InMay1947,followingthe,thesociologistRobertVerdierminimizedthe"
"
statinginthatwomenhadnotvotedinaconsistentway,dividingthemselves,asmen,accordingtosocialclasses.Duringtheperiod,feminismwanedinimportance.Wars(bothWorldWarIandWorldWarII)hadseentheprovisionalemancipationofsome,individual,women,butpost-warperiodssignaledthereturntoconservativeroles.
Mid-twentiethcentury
FrenchphilosopherprovidedasolutionandanviewonmanyofthequestionsoffeminismwiththepublicationofLeDeuxiè
meSexe()in1949.Thebookexpressedfeminists'
senseofinjustice.isafeministmovementbeginningintheearly1960sandcontinuingtothepresent;
assuch,itcoexistswith.Secondwavefeminismislargelyconcernedwithissuesofequalityotherthansuffrage,suchasendingdiscrimination.
Second-wavefeministsseewomen'
sculturalandpoliticalinequalitiesasinextricablylinkedandencouragewomentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticizedandasreflectingpowerstructures.Thefeministactivistandauthorcoinedtheslogan"
ThePersonalisPolitical"
whichbecamesynonymouswiththesecondwave.
Secondandthird-wavefeminisminChinahasbeencharacterizedbyare-examinationofwomen'
srolesduringthecommunistrevolutionandotherreformmovements,andnewdiscussionsaboutwhetherwomen'
sequalityhasactuallybeenfullyachieved.
In1956,PresidentofEgyptinitiated"
whichoutlaweddiscriminationbasedongenderandgrantedwomen'
ssuffrage,butalsoblockedpoliticalactivismbyfeministleaders.During'
spresidency,hiswife,,publiclyadvocatedforfurtherwomen'
srights,thoughEgyptianpolicyandsocietybegantomoveawayfromwomen'
sequalitywiththenewmovementandgrowingconservatism.However,someactivistsproposedanewfeministmovement,,whicharguesforwomen'
sequalitywithinanIslamicframework.
InLatinAmerica,revolutionsbroughtchangesinwomen'
sstatusincountriessuchas,whereaidedwomen'
squalityoflifebutfellshortofachievingasocialandideologicalchange.
Latetwentiethandearlytwenty-firstcenturies
Intheearly1990sintheUSA,beganasaresponsetoperceivedfailuresofthesecondwaveandtothebacklashagainstinitiativesandmovementscreatedbythesecondwave.Third-wavefeminismseekstochallengeoravoidwhatitdeemsthesecondwave'
sdefinitionsof,which,theyargue,over-emphasizetheexperiencesofuppermiddle-classwhitewomen.Third-wavefeministsoftenfocuson"
micro-politics"
andchallengethesecondwave'
sparadigmastowhatis,orisnot,goodforwomen,andtendtouseainterpretationofgenderandsexuality.Feministleadersrootedinthesecondwave,suchas,,ChelaSandoval,,,,andmanyotherblackfeminists,soughttonegotiateaspacewithinfeministthoughtforconsiderationofrace-relatedsubjectivities.
Sincethe1980shavearguedthatthefeministmovementshouldaddressglobalissues(suchasrape,,and)andculturallyspecificissues(suchasinsomepartsofAfricaandtheMiddleEastandpracticesthatimpedewomen'
sadvancementindevelopedeconomies)inordertounderstandhowgenderinequalityinteractswith,,andina"
matrixofdomination."
Third-wavefeminismalsocontainsinternaldebatesbetween,whobelievethatthereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthesexes,andthosewhobelievethattherearenoinherentdifferencesbetweenthesexesandcontendthatgenderrolesaredueto.
Thetermisusedtodescribearangeofviewpointsreactingtofeminismsincethe1980s.Whilenotbeing"
anti-feminist"
post-feministsbelievethatwomenhaveachievedsecondwavegoalswhilebeingcriticalofthirdwavefeministgoals.Thetermwasfirstusedtodescribeabacklashagainst,butitisnowalabelforawiderangeoftheoriesthattakecriticalapproachestopreviousfeministdiscoursesandincludeschallengestothesecondwave'
sideas.Otherpost-feministssaythatfeminismisnolongerrelevanttotoday'
ssociety.AmeliaJoneshaswrittenthatthepost-feministtextswhichemergedinthe1980sand1990sportrayedsecond-wavefeminismasamonolithicentity.
Theory
and
Feministtheoryistheextensionoffeminismintotheoreticalorphilosophica