1954 CIA and Assassinations文档格式.docx

1、（last accessed 19 Feb 09）A STUDY OF ASSASSINATIONDEFINITIONAssassination is a term thought to be derived from Hashish, a drug similar to marijuana, said to have been used by Hasan-Dan-Sabah to induce motivation in his followers, who were assigned to carry out political and other murders, usually at

2、the cost of their lives.It is here used to describe the planned killing of a person who is not under the legal jurisdiction of the killer, who is not physically in the hands of the killer, who has been selected by a resistance organization for death, and who has been sele cted by a resistance organi

3、zation for death, and whose death provides positive advantages to that organization.EMPLOYMENTAssassination is an extreme measure not normally used in clandestine operations. It should be assumed that it will never be ordered or authorized by any U.S. Headquarters, though the latter may in rare inst

4、ances agree to its execution by membe rs of an associated foreign service. This reticence is partly due to the necessity for committing communications to paper. No assassination instructions should ever be written or recorded. Consequently, the decision to employ this technique must nearly always be

5、 reached in the field, at the area where the act will take place. Decision and instructions should be confined to an absolute minimum of persons. Ideally, only one person will be involved. No report may be made, but usually the act will be pr operly covered by normal news services, whose output is a

6、vailable to all concerned.JUSTIFICATIONMurder is not morally justifiable. Self-defense may be argued if the victim has knowledge which may destroy the resistance organization if divulged. Assassination of persons responsible for atrocities or reprisals may be regarded as just puni shment. Killing a

7、political leader whose burgeoning career is a clear and present danger to the cause of freedom may be held necessary.But assassination can seldom be employed with a clear conscience. Persons who are morally squeamish should not attempt it.CLASSIFICATIONSThe techniques employed will vary according to

8、 whether the subject is unaware of his danger, aware but unguarded, or guarded. They will also be affected by whether or not the assassin is to be killed with the subject hereafter, assassinations in which the subject is unaware will be termed simple; those where the subject is aware but unguarded w

9、ill be termed chase those where the victim is guarded will be termed guarded.If the assassin is to die with the subject, the act will be called lost. If the assassin is to escape, the adjective will be safe. It should be noted that no compromises should exist here. The assassin must not fall alive i

10、nto enemy hands.A further type division is caused by the need to conceal the fact that the subject was actually the victim of assassination, rather than an accident or natural causes. If such concealment is desirable the operation will be called secret ; if concealment is immaterial, the act will be

11、 called open while if the assassination requires publicity to be effective it will be termed terroristic.Following these definitions, the assassination of Julius Caesar was safe, simple, and terroristic, while that of Huey Long was lost, guarded and open. Obviously, successful secret assassinations

12、are not recorded as assassination at all. Illeg o f Thailand and Augustus Caesar may have been the victims of safe, guarded and secret assassination. Chase assassinations usually involve clandestine agents or members of criminal organizations.THE ASSASSINIn safe assassinations, the assassin needs th

13、e usual qualities of a clandestine agent. He should be determined, courageous, intelligent, resourceful, and physically active. If special equipment is to be used, such as firearms or drugs, it is clear that he must have outstanding skill with such equipment.Except in terroristic assassinations, it

14、is desirable that the assassin be transient in the area. He should have an absolute minimum of contact with the rest of the organization and his instructions should be given orally by one person only. His safe evacuation after the act is absolutely essential, but here again contact should be as limi

15、ted as possible. It is preferable that the person issuing instructions also conduct any withdrawal or covering action which may be necessary.In lost assassination, the assassin must be a fanatic of some sort. Politics, religion, and revenge are about the only feasible motives. Since a fanatic is uns

16、table psychologically, he must be handled with extreme care. He must not know the iden tities of the other members of the organization, for although it is intended that he die in the act, something may go wrong. While the Assassin of Trotsky has never revealed any significant information, it was uns

17、ound to depend on this when the act was p lanned.PLANNINGWhen the decision to assassinate has been reached, the tactics of the operation must be planned, based upon an estimate of the situation similar to that used in military operations. The preliminary estimate will reveal gaps in information and

18、possibly indicate a need for special equipment which must be procured or constructed. When all necessary data has been collected, an effective tactical plan can be prepared. All planning must be mental; no papers should ever contain evidence of the oper ation.In resistance situations, assassination

19、may be used as a counter-reprisal. Since this requires advertising to be effective, the resistance organization must be in a position to warn high officials publicly that their lives will be the price of rep risal action against innocent people. Such a threat is of no value unless it can be carried

20、out, so it may be necessary to plan the assassination of various responsible officers of the oppressive regime and hold such plans in readiness to be used only i f provoked by excessive brutality. Such plans must be modified frequently to meet changes in the tactical situation.TECHNIQUESThe essentia

21、l point of assassination is the death of the subject. A human being may be killed in many ways but sureness is often overlooked by those who may be emotionally unstrung by the seriousness of this act they intend to commit. The spe cific technique employed will depend upon a large number of variables

22、, but should be constant in one point: Death must be absolutely certain. The attempt on Hitlers life failed because the conspiracy did not give this matter proper attention.Techniques may be considered as follows:1. Manual.It is possible to kill a man with the bare hands, but very few are skillful e

23、nough to do it well. Even a highly trained Judo expert will hesitate to risk killing by hand unless he has absolutely no alternative. However, the simplest local tools a re often much the most efficient means of assassination. A hammer, axe, wrench, screw driver, fire poker, kitchen knife, lamp stan

24、d, or anything hard, heavy and handy will suffice. A length of rope or wire or a belt will do if the assassin is strong and agile. All such improvised weapons have the important advantage of availability and apparent innocence. The obviously lethal machine gun failed to kill Trotsky where an item of

25、 sporting goods succeeded.In all safe cases where the assassin may be subject to search, either before or after the act, specialized weapons should not be used. Even in the lost case, the assassin may accidentally be searched before the act and should not carry an incrimin ating device if any sort o

26、f lethal weapon can be improvised at or near the site. If the assassin normally carries weapons because of the nature of his job, it may still be desirable to improvise and implement at the scene to avoid disclosure of his ident ity.2. Accidents.For secret assassination, either simple or chase, the

27、contrived accident is the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes little excitement and is only casually investigated.The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stair wells, unscreened windows and b

28、ridges will serve. Bridge falls into water are not reliable. In simple cases a private meeting with the subject may be arranged at a properly-cased location. The act may be executed by sudden, vigorous excised of the ankles, tipping the subject over the edge. If the assassin immediately sets up an o

29、utcry, playing the horrified wit ness, no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary. In chase cases it will usually be necessary to stun or drug the subject before dropping him. Care is required to insure that no wound or condition not attributable to the fall is discernible after death.Falls i

30、nto the sea or swiftly flowing rivers may suffice if the subject cannot swim. It will be more reliable if the assassin can arrange to attempt rescue, as he can thus be sure of the subjects death and at the same time establish a workable al ibi.If the subjects personal habits make it feasible, alcoho

31、l may be used 2 words excised to prepare him for a contrived accident of any kind.Falls before trains or subway cars are usually effective, but require exact timing and can seldom be free from unexpected observation.Automobile accidents are a less satisfactory means of assassination. If the subject

32、is deliberately run down, very exact timing is necessary and investigation is likely to be thorough. If the subjects car is tampered with, reliability is very lo w. The subject may be stunned or drugged and then placed in the car, but this is only reliable when the car can be run off a high cliff or into deep water without observation.Arson can cause accidental death if the subject is drugged