hightemperature highpressure PARR reactor is proposed for optimizing the extraction of phenolic文档格式.docx

1、AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences Brassinosteroids （BRs） are a group of naturally occurring plant steroidal compounds with wide ranging biological activity. Because BRs control several important agronomic traits such as flowering time, plant architecture, seed yi

2、eld and stress tolerance, the genetic manipulation of BR biosynthesis, conversion or perception offers a unique possibility of significantly increasing crop yields through both changing plant metabolism and protecting plants from environmental stresses. Genetic manipulation of BR activity has indeed

3、 led to increases in crop yield by 2060%, confirming the value of further research on BRs to improve productivity.Article OutlineIntroductionBR signalingBR biosynthesis genesEngineering BR levels and sensitivity to increase yieldEngineering BR levels to increase stress toleranceFuture directionsAckn

4、owledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50127Serenoa repens: The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaEuropean Urology Supplements, Volume 8, Issue 13, December 2009, Pages 887-893Fouad K. HabibAbstractContextMedical therapies derived from natural sources have been used for c

5、enturies. Many are as effective as synthetic medications. The use of plant-derived medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） is no exception. In particular, extracts of Serenoa repens （SrE）, the fruit of the American dwarf palm, are widely available, and their use is rising throughout the w

6、orld. ObjectiveThe underlying basis for SrE popularity stems from its safety and tolerability profile. However, despite its extensive use, its mechanism of action has not been definitely clarified. In this paper, we analyse the scientific basis for SrE efficacy in the treatment of BPH and explore th

7、e mechanisms by which its effects are induced. Evidence acquisitionThis literature review focuses on the actions of the lipidosterolic SrE on a host of targets. Several cellular and molecular techniques have been used to characterise the biologic pathways that may mediate these actions. Morphologic

8、studies have been carried out to identify the changes of prostate ultrastructure and to determine modifications that may shed light on the mechanisms underlying SrE efficacy. Evidence synthesisSelectivity of the action of SrE for the prostate has been demonstrated. There are several morphologic chan

9、ges, and these are accompanied by an increase in the apoptotic index of the gland, along with inhibition of the activity of the 5-reductase isoenzymes. The drug also acts on a number of other biologic systems and shows a capacity to moderate the androgenic, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways of th

10、e cell. These pathways have been implicated in the hyperplastic process. ConclusionsThe interaction between prostate cells and SrE is manifest at several levels of the glands biological spectrum and results in antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and proapoptotic effects. These effects may account for

11、 the beneficial response triggered in some patients with BPH treated with SrE.1. Introduction2. Evidence acquisition3. Evidence synthesis 3.1. Organ specificity of Serenoa repens3.2. Antiandrogenic activities of Serenoa repens3.3. Anti-inflammatory properties of Serenoa repens3.4. The proapoptotic c

12、haracteristics of Serenoa repens3.5. Are all brands of Serenoa repens equal?4. ConclusionsConflicts of interestFunding supportTake Home MessageSerenoa repens （saw palmetto） extracts are complex mixtures of compounds that act simultaneously on several biologic pathways known to be associated with the

13、 development of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） in man. Reversal of the prohyperplastic pathways by the drug accounts for its clinical efficacy in the treatment of BPH.128The fate and toxicity of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soilOriginal Research ArticleSoil Biology and Biochemis

14、try, Volume 40, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 528-536Liz J. Shaw, John E. HookerThe flavonoid class of plant secondary metabolites play a multifunctional role in below-ground plantmicrobe interactions with their best known function as signals in the nitrogen fixing legumerhizobia symbiosis. Flavonoi

15、ds enter rhizosphere soil as a result of root exudation and senescence but little is known about their subsequent fate or impacts on microbial activity. Therefore, the present study examined the sorptive behaviour, biodegradation and impact on dehydrogenase activity （as determined by iodonitrotetraz

16、olium chloride reduction） of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soil. Organic carbon normalised partition coefficients, logKoc, of 3.12 （formononetin） and 3.19 （naringenin） were estimated from sorption isotherms and, after comparison with literature logKoc values for compounds whose soil

17、behaviour is better characterised, the test flavonoids were deemed to be moderately sorbed. Naringenin （spiked at 50gg1） was biodegraded without a detectable lag phase with concentrations reduced to 0.130.01g1 at the end of the 96h time course. Biodegradation of formononetin proceeded after a lag ph

18、ase of 24h with concentrations reduced to 4.51% of the sterile control after 72h. Most probable number （MPN） analysis revealed that prior to the addition of flavonoids, the soil contained 5.4106MPNg1 （naringenin） and 7.9105g1 （formononetin） catabolic microbes. Formononetin concentration had no signi

19、ficant （p0.05） effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas naringenin concentration had an overall but non-systematic impact （p=0.045）. These results are discussed with reference to likely total and bioavailable concentrations of flavonoids experienced by microbes in the rhizosphere.2. Materials

20、and methods 2.1. Soil and flavonoids2.2. Construction of flavonoid sorption isotherms2.3. Flavonoid biodegradation2.4. Most probable number determinations2.5. Dehydrogenase assay2.6. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）3. Results 3.1. Adsorption isotherms3.2. Biodegradation and most probabl

21、e number analysis3.3. Naringenin and formononetin impacts on dehydrogenase activity4. Discussion 4.1. Sorption4.2. Biodegradation of naringenin and formononetin4.3. Toxicity5. ConclusionAppendix:. Calculation of a total soil concentration for naringenin from an aqueous phase concentration, taking in

22、to account naringenin partitioning behaviour in soil129Catalytic removal of NO and PAHs over AC-supported catalysts from incineration flue gas: Bench-scale and pilot-plant testsChemical Engineering Journal, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 6 March 2011Hui-Hsin Tseng, Chi-Yuan Lu, Feng-Yim

23、 Chang, Ming-Yen Wey, Han-Tsung ChengFor dioxin removal from incineration flue gas, the common method is absorption using activated carbon （AC）. In order to reduce the consumption of energy, it is worth to evaluate the destruction removal efficiency （DRE） of NO and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （

24、PAHs） over AC with a few metals loading while dioxin is physical absorbed by AC. As a result, in the present work, the use of AC as a catalyst support for simultaneous NO reduction and PAHs catalytic oxidation was investigated as an alternative technology to improve incinerator processes. This study

25、 examined the selective removal of NO and PAHs from incineration flue gas containing O2, N2, CO2, H2O, NO, organic compounds and fly ash over M/AC catalysts （M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu） using bench-scale and pilot-plant tests. Investigations on the effects of the incineration flue gas composition and the

26、structure of the metal active site on NO and PAHs conversion revealed that the conversion activity increases as the atomic number of the transition metals increase, except for Ni. Carbon monoxide can act as a reductant to increase the NO removal efficiency. The M/AC catalysts showed high reactivity

27、for simultaneous PAHs oxidation and NO reduction. The results provide useful information for the design and application of AC injection or selective catalyst reduction systems for waste incineration plants.2. Experimental 2.1. Catalyst preparation2.2. Catalyst characterization2.3. Bench-scale testin

28、g2.4. Pilot-plant testing3. Results and discussion 3.1. Catalyst characterization3.2. Bench-scale testing: effect of the chemical state of the active site3.3. Bench-scale testing: effect of gas composition3.4. Bench-scale testing: poisoning of M/AC catalysts3.5. Pilot-plant testing130Changes in apolar metabolites during in vitro organogenesis of Pancratium maritimumPlant Physiology and Biochemistry, Volume 48, Issues 10-11, October-November 2010, Pag