英语写作lesson 1Sentence writing9Word格式.docx

1、 disjunctive questions e.g. Isnt the new edition of this book more expensive than its old edition? Did you hear about the new project? Whats todays exchange rate for US dollars against Japanese yen? The youngsters values are quite different from their parents at present, arent they? Imperative ：用来表达

2、命令、要求、请求、劝告或建议。祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you, 在句中通常省略。祈使句的谓语用动词原型，其否定结构为“dont+动词原型”。句末一般使用句号或感叹号。 Be sure to take your personal belongings before getting off the train. Lets not waste our time arguing about the current topic. Dont hesitate to give me a call if you have any problem. Exclamatory ：用来抒发强烈感情的句子。如抒发喜悦

3、、赞叹、惊异、愤怒、厌恶、痛苦知青等，句末用感叹号。what用来修饰名词；how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。E.g. What a great idea it is! How beautiful the scenery is! How fast things are changing here!What makes a sentence? Sentence elements Subject predicate or predicate verb objective/ predicative/ compliment Attribute Adverbial appositive independe

4、nt element of the sentenceElements of sentencesEssential elements主语（subject） 主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是“谁 ” 或“什么 ” 。 通常由名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词或主语从句担任。 其位置在陈述句基本结构的前部 I read newspaper every day. Three plus six is nine.4. To become a professor has been his ambition.5. Smoking is harmful to health.6. W

5、hat we shall do next is not yet decided.谓语（predicate） 谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的部分。 谓语一般由动词或动词短语担任。 其位置在主语之后 His mother is a doctor. We should pay attention to English idioms. We study English表语（predicative） 表语是在联系动词之后表示主语的性质，特征，状态或身份的部分。 通常由名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语以及动词不定式，动名词，分词或表语从句担任 位置在联系动词之后 His father is a lawye

6、r. Your number is 42. All the pupils are on the ground.宾语（object） 宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。 通常由名词，代词，数词或与之相当的结构担任 位置在及物动词或介词之后 He bought a computer last year. We help each other and learn from each other. 一个句子可以包含两个宾语：直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）。 直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，多为物。 间接宾语指动作指向的对象，

7、多为人。 双宾语的常用句型为：主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语。 间接宾语也可改为由介词引起的短语，放在直接宾语的后面。如： She passed him the salt. She passed the salt to him.补语（complement） 补语用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都注重说明主语或宾语的特征 。 通常由形容词，名词或其他相当的结构担任。 分为宾语补足语和主语补足语 The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference. He was found silent in office.定语（attribu

8、tive） 定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词 由形容词或其相当的结构 单词做定语一般放在修饰语的前面，短语和从句做定语则放在被修饰语的后面。 He is an honest and hardworking boy. I have something important to tell you. Those who want to go may go. The girl playing the violin is a fresher.状语（adverbial） 状语用于修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。 通常由副词或与之相当的结构 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之

9、前，有的放在之 后。如动词有宾语，状语 一般放 在宾语之后。 She speaks English quite well. He has been in the hospital for over a week. If I have some spare time, I will take up German.同位语（appositive） 在由两个或两个以上的语法单位组成的结构中，如果其中的前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，那么后项被称为前项的同位语。 同位语位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。同位语通常由名词，名词性短语或从句担当。 The future belongs to you

10、young people. They each have a dictionary. People, old and young, went to the streets to watch the parade. 句子独立成分（independent element of the sentence）。它与全句没有语法关系，如感叹词、称呼语和插入语等。 To be frank, I dont think you two are comparable.Analyze the following sentences.1. The sailor saw that the ship was sinkin

11、g.2. The thought that help was near kept our spirits up.3. My opinion is that this story is false.4. His education has made him what he is now.5. The first thing Im going to do this evening is to visit my former teacher.Basic sentence patterns Subject + Verb Subject + Verb + Predicative/compliment S

12、ubject + Verb + Object Subject + Verb + Object + Complement Subject + Verb + indirect Object + direct Object Subject + Verb + Adverbial Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial（1） SV句型（Subject + Intransitive Verb） SV句型是最基本的简单句句型，可简称为主谓结构。 Things change. Many car owners in America belong to the American A

13、utomobile Association There + be 结构是一种较常见的特殊句子结构，可看作是SV举行的一种变体。 e.g. Theres a wide range of current and back issue journals in our university library. There is no serious problem to control the temperature. （2） S V Cs 句型 主语 系动词 主语补足语/表语 e.g. Hard work and honesty are the keys to success. It is a tra

14、ditional custom to eat moon-cakes during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Without suitable preservation, food goes bad easily.（3） S V O 句型 主语 及物动词 动词宾语 这种结构可简称为主谓宾结构。名词、代词、数词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句都可在句中充当宾语。 The youngest skater nearly won a gold medal in the last Winter Olympic Games. Students often recite usef

15、ul phrases to be used in their compositions. I have to check my e-mail every other day.（4）S V O Co 宾语补足语 适于此句型的常见动词有：believe, call, consider, cut, elect, find, have, keep, leave, let, like, make, name, polish, think, want, wish 宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）、介词（短语）等构成。 不定式作宾补- 表达和强调已发生的事实 现在分词作宾补-

16、 表达和强调正在进行的状态和发生的事情 过去分词作宾补- 表达和强调被动的概念和状态 The benefits make the job desirable. They believe it important to make an early diagnosis of cancer. Since the first confirmed bird flu case, China has kept the Beijing office of WHO well informed. 自首次确定第一例禽流感以来，中国一直向世界卫生组织驻北京办事处及时通报疫情。（5）S V Oi Od句型 常用于此句型

17、的动词有： allow, bring, buy, fetch, get, give, lend, offer, save, sell, send, show, take, wish等 The night scene in Hong Kong gives visitors an indelible impression of excitement. 香港的夜景令游客们激动不已，久久不能忘怀。 The boss accorded him a hearty reception in the new sales promotion campaign. 在这次促销活动中，老板热情地接待了他。Study

18、the following sentences: Stephen apologized. Frank is clever/ an architect. My sister enjoyed the play. The firm gave Sam a watch. They made Sam chairman of the board. Joe leaped from the edge of his chair. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.Translate the following sentences in

19、to English, using the correct simple sentences.1. 小皮特正在和爷爷玩。2我父亲是位工程师。3星期天到了。4我们选举他为班长。5他喜欢收集邮票。6琼在信里告诉了父母她的校园生活。1. Little Peter is playing with his grandpa.2. My father is an engineer.3. Sunday comes/ is coming .4. We elected him the monitor.5. He likes collecting stamps.6. Joan told her parents ab

20、out her campus life in the letter. Structure simple简单句, compound并列句, complex复合句, compound-complex，并列复合句简单句Simple Sentence是只包含一个主谓结构的句子。 只包含一个主语 包含两个或两个以上 和谓语的句子 并列的主语或谓语的句子 Life is beautiful. I want nothing. I enjoy playing badminton and look forward to it every weekend. My friends and I often play

21、golf and go bowling on holidays. Employers value clear writing. Employers value clear writing but may not mention this directly. Both employers and academics value clear writing. simple sentences are not always short sentences, and it doesnt mean simple sentences can not have attributive or adverbia

22、ls. e.g. Mary is majoring in economics at Harvard University. Like many other adventurers, he has experienced fear and conquered it. I like the movie describing the wonderful and exciting life of the legendary writer.简单句的特点（从文体修辞上看）1.短小精悍，结构简单，表意明确，具有明显的强调功能。Christmas was coming. I wanteda pony. I w

23、anted nothing else but a pony.2. 描述一连串快速进行的动作，不带任何修饰语，制造出一种紧张激烈，扣人心弦的气氛。He did. He ran sprints, he ran hurdles, he ran distance races. He high-jumped, he long-jumped. He threw the javelinand the shot. Finishing first in eight events, the big fellow beat the whole team.3. 连续使用，还可以产生干脆利落，铿锵有力的表达效果。Peo

24、ple think I am foolish and ignorant, but Im not. I listen. I hear. I see. I think. I read. I walk alone by myself. I came. I saw. I conquered. 简单句使文章有一种不支不蔓，简洁明快的风格。但是他也有局限：容量小，不易表达复杂，细腻的思想或说理过程；过多使用还会使文章显得单调，幼稚。区分简单句和省略句 省略句是在表面结构上不完整，不是主谓结构，但从上下文看意思却很清楚的句子。 省略句和简单句一起来描写激动的心情或 紧张的场面I hardly heard,

25、I could scarcely wait. IWas so happy, so thrilled. I rode off upthe street. Such a beautiful pony. And mine! 并列句（Compound Sentence）-A compound sentence combines two （or more） simple sentencesThese two sentences are clearly related and of equal importance 包含两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构的句子 意义上，各分句是同等重要并密切相关的 语法结构

26、上，各分句是结构完整且相互间平行没有从属关系的 Test provides grades, and the world wont end if you dont pass a single test. Test provides grades, but they also let you know what you need to spend more time studying.各分句常用一定的并列连词、连接副词和分号连接在一起 I hate jogging, but I love hiking. Punctuation is important; therefore, dont forge

27、t to use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence. This is the best book I have ever read; it kept me up all night.简单句并列句 （comma+）Coordinating conjunctions并列连词（for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so） 或者关联并列词：not onlybut also, etc Employers value clear writing, but they may not mention this directly. 两个单句很短，或意思非常紧密，可无需用逗号分隔。 I turned on the key but the engine wouldnt start.2. A semi-colon 在不用并列连接词的情况下使用分号连接 （if the relationship is so clear that a linking word is unnecessary） Employers value clear writing; this, in fact, is of