英语语法英语核心语法总结1Word文件下载.docx

1、以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子（sentence）=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）I八大成分的概念和构成If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I h

2、ave a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式

3、形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。（跟在系动词后）Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句5补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句主语补语Tom was made monito

4、r.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句8. 状语：修饰

5、词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont know much about it.3）评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。Fran

6、kly speaking, the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。II成分关系1补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love

7、 ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。2定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：定语，同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand

8、 either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。1、主语：（1）由名词、代词（人称代词用主格）、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. （画家画了一幅漂亮的画。） / They fought against SARS bravely. （他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。） / To see is to believe. （耳听为虚眼见为实）. / Helping animals is to help people. （帮助动物就是帮助人类。（2）动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,

9、而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. （在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。） / Eating too much is bad for your health.（=It is bad for your health eating too much.） （吃得太多对你的身体不利。（4）反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesnt he? （这个人看上去很着急不是吗？/ Tigers are dangero

10、us animals, arent they? （老虎是危险的动物不是吗？（5）祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. （孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。） （省略了主语） / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. （你去给我弄一杯水来。/ Where are they? （他们在哪儿？） / Does the boy like staying home? （这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？（7）主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither

11、 Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. （Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。/ The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. （中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。2、谓语：（1）由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。He travelled in space for the first time.（他首次在太空旅行。 / Who teaches you English this year?（今年谁教你们的英语？ / The pizza ha

12、s gone bad. （那块烤馅饼已经变坏。） /（2）谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词（不一定全部出现）。（见动词的时态和语态构成表）记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. （对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。/ He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. （他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。/ Something must

13、be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. （该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。 二、不定式不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。 I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I woul

14、d ask for my money back.即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but,except,besides+to do（do） 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday

15、 afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems（appears）形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money.impossible

16、,necessary 等；stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.动词+to do（作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式（to do sth）看成一个名词即可,能用此结构的动词有:决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿car

17、e假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which）或者连接副词（how/when/where）以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who to invite. （= who I should invite）Show us what to do. （=what we must do）I dont know whether to answer his letter. （=此处不用if）4.不定式作宾

18、语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词,名词）+不定式Hefounditverydifficulttogetsleep.他发现很难入睡.句型四： 形容词+ to do sth of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语 作目的状语在这种句式中不定式部 分

19、可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that （in order that）I could see whatwould happen. （3）在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so w

20、ell. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意义 too. to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示太而不能。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too. to.句型是简单句。例如：He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式所表示的动作的执

21、行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、too. to. 结构表达肯定的意义1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，too. to. 结构不表示否定的意义。It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。（要学永远都不迟。2. 如果在too. to.这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very

22、much。3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，too. to.句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。四、too. to. 结构与enough.to. 结构及so. that.结构的相互转换1. 将too.to.结构转换为enough. to. 结构时，要注意：（1） enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；（2） enough. to. 句式须用否定式；（3） too. to.结构有逻辑主语时，enough.

23、 to. 结构也要加上逻辑主语。She is too young to do the work. = She isnt old enough to do the work. The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out.2. 将too.to.结构转换为so. that. 结构时，要注意：（1） so. that. 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。（2） that后面的从句要用否定形式。She is too youn

24、g to go to school. = She is so young that she cant go to school.请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too. to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.b. The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry. c. The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isnt easy enough for me to work out. b. The maths pr

25、oblem is _ difficult _ I cant work it out.c. The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out. 3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read. b. The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to readit. Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to 3. b. so, that尽

26、管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。（4）不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like（love,hate）,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?I

27、 want you to understand the whole passage clearly.believe,consider,discover,find（=consider）,feel（=think）,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see（=understand）,understa nd等。We all believe John（to be）honest. I consider him（to be）one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不

28、能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. （3）感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. （4）help,know后面的to可有可无。Would you please help me（to） fill in the taxform?Ive never known her（to）be late before.wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be