GMAT讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、2.因果关系错误：不是由于结婚才导致他取得科技进步。时序因果类错误。3.由个体推整体。广告练习：喝了哇哈哈，吃饭就是香。 条件不充分要想皮肤好，早晚用大宝。 条件不充分。牙好胃口就好：样本小，条件不充分。二.Argument整体结构第一段： 开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。第五段： 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。三.如何写开头段？ 例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）In this memo the vice president

2、of Natures Way CNW）, a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: （1） sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; （2） the l

3、ocal health club is more popular than ever; and （3） the citys schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.四.开头段的写法Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubiou

4、s （suspicious） evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that_. To substantiate （support） the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_. In addition, he indicates that_. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the authors argume

5、nt appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.1. 先在开头段指出原文的conclusion2. 指出作者引用哪些evidence or assumption3. 指出存在几个flawIn

6、this argument, the author concludes that, to support his conclusion, he points out that _. In addition, he infers that_. Furthermore, the arguer sites as a typical example in support of his recommendation. However, this alone / only this do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusio

7、n, and fails to provide convincing support, making this argument sound and invulnerable. 五.如何写正文段逻辑错误的攻击顺序1. 按照逻辑错误出现的顺序，分段顺序攻击。 （不特别推荐）2. 按照逻辑错误主次进行分段攻击3. 让步式攻击法（重点）1）seven years ago 外推类错误2） since then 时序性因果错误3） we should adopt our own set of 错误类比六.如何写结尾段1.不要概括作者的某种结论2. 对于无根据的调查和比较是不能说明任何问题。七.结尾段的具

8、体写法To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_. Additionally, he would have

9、 to demonstrate that_. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言 重点。调查类错误 包含子类多，存在题目量大。所以重要。标志词：1.Survey/Study：核心攻击两大问题： a. 样本质量 b.样本数量（1）Procedure A. Selective sample 选择性、片面性样本（片面的、特定人群的，最后缺得

10、到了普遍性结论。）Eg. 题库 8 The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter:“The common notion that workers are generally apathetic about management issues is false, or at least outdated: a recently published survey indicates that 79 percent of the nearly 1,200 workers who responded

11、to survey questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs.”Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.无法判断1200人调查能否代表全部工人看法。题库10The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:“This past winter, 200 students f

12、rom Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently werent so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the g

13、roup who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the states college students than are the protesters.Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”调查类错误攻击思路：反过来攻击。逆向说：样本选择随机是具有代表性的。B. Quantity of the sample 样本数量少，要受到质疑；数据多也要质疑，比如1万人，

14、看似多，但只占0.1%。a. 样本数量要大 b. 样本要随机。题库25题。重点。The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles:“Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities according to the quality of life that can be enjoyed by those living in them. This information will enable peo

15、ple who are moving to the state in which City L is located to confidently identify one place, at least, where schools are good, housing is affordable, people are friendly, the environment is safe, and the arts flourish.” Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.作者没有说调查了多少城市，调查的城市越多，论证越有力，反之也成立。模板：Unless

16、the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_ generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no d

17、oubt suggest . Or if _, （1200） would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.（2）Result of the surveyA. Do the statistics make any meaningfulness? 数据是否有意义？数据即使准确，但是有没有意义？题库17题The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine:“T

18、wo of todays best-selling brands of full-strength prescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease and Pepticaid, are now available in milder nonprescription forms. Doctors have written 76 million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength Pepticaid

19、. So people who need an effective but milder nonprescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid should choose Acid-Ease.”Full-strength milder 错误类比作者说：强力的AE比强力的P多卖出，AE效果比P要好。驳斥：即使强力的AE比强力的P要好，但是仍然不能得出温和的AE比温和的P要好。虽然AE比P多卖，但并不一定就是AE比P要好。有可能AE上市早等等原因。医生可能因为疗效以外的其他原因偏好AE，如生产商、价位等。题库43题：The

20、 following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper:“There is a common misconception that university hospitals are better than community or private hospitals. This notion is unfounded, however: the university hospitals in our region employ 15 percent fewer doctors, have a 20 perce

21、nt lower success rate in treating patients, make far less overall profit, and pay their medical staff considerably less than do private hospitals. Furthermore, many doctors at university hospitals typically divide their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patients. From this it se

22、ems clear that the quality of care at university hospitals is lower than that at other kinds of hospitals.”医生人数少不一定医术差；治愈率与所接触病人情况联系大。B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague? 只要出现数据，绝对有问题。攻击“无相对比值”（虽然数量大，但是只占很小部分）The argument tells us that “many” （a number of ） _. However, the speaker fails to indi

23、cate the percentage of _, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.攻击“无绝对数值”（虽然比例大，但是总量小。比如只有10个人投票。The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of _.题库39题The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum:“On average, 9 out of every 1,000 passenger

24、s who traveled on Avia Airlines last year filed a complaint about our baggage-handling procedures. This means that although some 1 percent of our passengers were unhappy with those procedures, the overwhelming majority were quite satisfied with them; thus it would appear that a review of the procedu

25、res is not important to our goal of maintaining or increasing the number of Avias passengers.”攻击：缺乏绝对数值。如果乘客量大，那么不满意的乘客数量很多。仍然能反映出航空公司的服务质量差。C. Respondents The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_.回应者问题。所有的回应者都无法代表被调查人，更无法代表整体被调查对象。题库8.（3）Who con

26、ducted the survey? 调查机构The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-bencher.题库13题The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a local radio station to local businesses: “The Cumquat Caf began advertising on our local radio station this year and was delighted to see its busin

27、ess increase by 10 percent over last years totals. Their success shows you how you can use radio advertising to make your business more profitable.”（4）When was the survey conducted? 调查时间：做调查的时间和得出结果的时间要足够近。A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actu

28、ally conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indica

29、te current interest levels.2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition （1）Sufficient Evidence 攻击对方条件不充分。A足以导致B发生，但A不是B发生的完备条件。B的发生还依赖于其他因素CEF等才能发生。攻击时：指出A是一个因素但是不充分，并指出B发生的其他因素。题库4The following appeared in an announcement issued by the publisher of The Mercury, a weekly newspaper:“Since a competing lower-priced newspaper, The Bugle, was started five years ago, The Mercurys circulation has declined by 10,000 readers. The best way to get more people to r