新视野大学英语的课文单词讲解语法非谓语独立主格than用法以及虚拟语气简单句等等用法Word格式文档下载.docx

1、To see the famous building is my dream. Having seen the film, I drive home.Having been refused twice, I hadnt lost my heart yet.非谓语动词 ing 形式I. the reading roomthe room is reading -ing 为动名词 （gerund）具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语, 也可做定语, 如the reading roomII the sleeping baby= the baby is sleeping -in

2、g为现在分词（present participle）, 现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点, 它主要在句中充当定语、表语、补语及状语非谓语动词 ing 用法1. 作主语表语 Keeping the offices clean is her job.保持办公室清洁是她的工作。（主语） Her job is keeping the offices clean. 她的工作是保持办公室清洁。（表语） Toms not having finished his homework made his teacher angry. 汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生气.（主语） 2. 作宾语,介词宾语动名词常跟在某些动词如

3、enjoy, finish, mind, cant help（禁不住）, suggest（建议）, advise, consider（考虑）, practice , admit, imagine 等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, stop.from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如: She is fond of playing tennis. （介词宾语）Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗? （宾语）3. 作定语 动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。 Dont forget to t

4、ake a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。The girl standing there is my classmate. 站在那里的女孩是我的同学。若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式（being done）作定语。The song being broadcast is very popular with the young students. 正在播放的歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。4. 作宾语补足语 动词的现在分词作宾补表明宾语正在进行

5、的动作可以带现在分词作宾补的动词有find, see, hear, watch, have, get, catch, keep, leave等。When I came in, I found him laughing happily.5. 作状语1） 表示时间 Crossing the road （=As he was crossing the road）, he was run over by a car.Having done their homework （=After they had done their homework）,the students left the classro

6、om.2） 表示原因Not knowing English （=As he didnt know English）, he couldnt understand the film.Having lived in Shanghai many years （=Because he has lived in Shanghai many years）, he knows the place very well.3） 表示条件 Working hard （=If you work hard）, you will do well in your exams.4） 表示结果 His parents died

7、 in the war, leaving him an orphan （so that he became an orphan）.5） 表示让步Although toiling all the year round （Although he was toiling all the year round 尽管终年劳累）, the poor peasant couldnt afford to send his children to school.6） 表示方式或伴随状况 He went out, slamming the door.非谓语动词 - ed 形式I. ed 与-ing的对比1. -e

8、d 分词常被用来作名词的前置修饰语。及物动词的-ed 分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动含义，而相应的-ing分词作前置修饰语则有主动含义。boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 a freezing wind 刺骨寒风frozen food 冷冻食品 a recording machine 录音机 a recorded talk 录音谈话 a closed shop 关闭的商店 a speaking bird 能言的鸟 spoken language 口语 the closing hour 打烊时间 2. 少数不及物动词的-ed 分词也能作名词修饰语，这种-ed 分词

9、没有被动含义，但有完成意义；反之，相应的-ing分词作名词修饰语则带有“未完成”意义。a falling leaving 一片飘落的树叶 fallen leaves 落叶 a retiring teacher 即将退休的教师 a retired teacher 退休教师 an expiring lease 即将到期的租约 an expired lease 到期的租约 a developing country 发展中国家 a developed country 发达国家 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 已升起的太阳 II. ed分词的用法 1. 有些不及

10、物动词的-ed 分词不可以单独用定语，但若与某些副词搭配构成复合词，便可作定语。Well-behaved children 品行端正的孩子 newly-arrived visitors 新到的来访者2. -ed 分词作名词的后置定语，这种-ed 分词结构相当于一个定语从句。This is the most interesting story （that is） ever heard of .The fish （which was） caught yesterday was still alive.3. -ed分词结构作宾语补语Everybody thought the battle lost.

11、 人人都以为这次战役输掉了。We found her greatly changed. 我们发现她大大地变了。4. -ed 分词结构作状语 -ed 分词结构作状语可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义，通常相当于一个状语从句。1） 表示原因：（As he was） Greatly surprised, he couldnt say a word.（Because she was） Scolded by the teacher, the girl felt unfair.2） 表示时间、地点：The graduates say they will go wherever （they

12、are） needed.3） 表示条件：（If I had been） Given more time, I would have done much better.4） 表示让步：Even if （I were） invited, I wouldnt go.Though （they were） defeated again and again, they went on fighting.5） 表示伴随状况：Einstein walked along the street, （he was） lost in thought.爱因斯坦慢步街头，沉浸在思索中。ing 分词和ed分词练习题1.Do

13、n t you remember （see） the man before?2. （follow） by some officials, the general inspected his army.3. （write） the letter, he went out to post it.4. anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing5. （travel） far away is my hobby.6. The mu

14、rderer was brought in, with his hands （tie） behind his back.7. （think） that it may rain, I started my journey earlier than I had planned.8. （take） to the park this evening, the children should be very happy.9. Most of the people （invite） to the party were famous scientists.10. This sentence needs （i

15、mprove）.独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）是由名词/代词+分词/分词短语/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语等作逻辑谓语构成的一种独立结构，常作状语修饰主句。独立主格结构中的名词/代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑主谓关系,与主句不发生句法上的联系。它的位置灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开,与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词（常表主动）Weather permitting, we will v

16、isit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 （常表被动）The problems solved（= As the problems were solved）, the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken （= Because her glasses were broken）, she couldnt see the words on the

17、blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3. 名词（代词）+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。（常表动作未发生）The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built scho

18、ol will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。注：以上1-3为非谓语动词构成的独立主格结构形式，而以下4-7为非动词结构构成的独立主格结构。4. 名词（代词）+形容词He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。5. 名词（代词）+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left t

19、he meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。6. 名词（代词）+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。7. 名词（代词） +介词短语Mary was sitting near the fire, her back tow

20、ards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （单数book 前不加冠词a） 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构with （ without）+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。1. with/without +名词/代词+现在分词 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没

21、有人知道它在哪里。2. with/without+名词/代词+过去分词Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。3. with/without +名词/代词+动词不定式） The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。4.with/without +名词/代词+副词The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。5.with

22、+名词/代词+介词短语 The boy goes to the classroom, with a book in hand. （单数book 前加冠词a） 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。6. with+名词/代词+形容词 With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。与with的独立主格结构不同，在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的无with的独立主格结构中，一般不加冠词a/an/the,也不加形容词性物主代词，如：his/her/your/their等She left the office

23、building with tears in her eyes.=She left the office building, tears in eyes.The boy goes to the classroom, with a book in hand. = The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （单数book 前不加冠词）无with的独立主格结构中逻辑主语为单数且前面有修饰词时，可以在形容词前加不定冠词 The place was surrounded by clumps of trees with a clear stream runn

24、ing alongside. =The place was surrounded by clumps of trees, a clear stream running alongside.反之，如果由无with的独立主格结构转变为with的独立主格结构，要注意加上相应的冠词或形容词性物主代词，如：She left the office building, tears in eyes .= She left the office building with tears in her eyes.The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. = The b

25、oy goes to the classroom, with a book in （his） hand. 另外在独立主格结构中当前面的词为代词时要用代词的主格形式，而在with复合结构中，当前面的词为代词时，要用代词的宾格形式。He leading the way, we found her. With him leading the way, we found her.四、独立主格结构注意事项1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主

26、格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词 -ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了经理看上去很轻松。The fo

27、od being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用过去分词，不及物动词用现在分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。4. 独立主格结构与独立成分（分词短语）的异同 分词短语：Seeing from the hilltop, we found the building smal

28、l. 这句句子当中，seeing from the hill即为分词短语，它跟独立主格结构最大的区别在于它没有前面逻辑主语，所修饰的主语为主句主语，而独立主格结构开头有逻辑主语。a.有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），等等。Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from

29、 what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。b.有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in t

30、he word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。c. 一些独立主格结构中，being可以省略：The workers worked harder, their living conditions （being） greatly improved.Computers （being） very small, we can use them widely.The meeting （being） over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. She sat quietly by the window, her eyes （being） full of tears.The first question （being） answered, he heaved a sigh of relief.