1、 Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied
2、 linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational lingu
3、istics. 2. 现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别? Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed
4、 to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 3. 什么叫共时研究?什么叫历时研究? The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is
5、 a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 4. 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?1) Arbitrariness It means that the
6、re is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to diffe
7、rent objects is another good example. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words, such as the words created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlim
8、ited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those that they have never said or heard before. 3) Duality It means that language is a system, which con
9、sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of
10、 structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4) Displacement It means that language can be used to talk about what happened in the past, what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. Language can also be used to talk about
11、 our real word experiences or the experiences in our imaginary world. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 5) Cultural transmission While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not g
12、enetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. 5. Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This int
13、ernalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the spe
14、akers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 6
15、. Saussure 是如何区分语言和言语的? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to
16、 the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract;It is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it
17、 refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. Chapter Two 7. 语言交际的两大媒介是什么?哪一个是基本的交际媒介?为什么? Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary,
18、but not the written form, because the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. 8. 语音学的三个分支是什么。它们研究的对象各是什么? Articulatory phonetics: It studies the human speech organs and the way in which thee speech sounds are produced. Acoustic
19、phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the speech sounds; it deals with the sound waves through the use of such machines as a spectrograph. Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception of sounds by the human ear. 9. 什么叫浊音化?它是如何形成的?Voicing is the result of the vibration of the vocal co
20、rds. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a way are voiceless. When vocal cords are held together tautly so that the air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced in this way are voiced. 10. 宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别?The broad
21、transcription is the transcription of sounds by using one letter to represent one sound. The narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritics to show detailed articulatory features of sounds. 11. 英语的辅音是如何分类的?1) by place of articulation :a. bilabial such as p,b,m,w b. labiodental such as f,v
22、 c. dental such as ,T d. alveolar such as t,d,s,z,n,l,r e. palatal such as , V , t , dV , j f. velar such as k, g, N g. glottal such as h 2) by manner of articulation. Stops such as p,b,t,d,k,g Fricatives such as f,v,s,z, , T , , V, h Afficates such as t, dV Liquids such as l, r Nasals such as n,m,N
23、 Glides such as w, j 12. 英语的元音是如何分类的?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front vowels such as i: i e A a, central vowels such as :, ,Qand back vowels such asu: J C: and B: in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into fou
24、r groups: close vowels such as i:, i,u:,J, semi-close vowels such ase, : , semi-open vowels such as , C: , and open vowels such as ?, a, and :. 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. 4) The English vowels can also be classified into long v
25、owels and short vowels according to the length of the sound. The long vowels include i: : C: u: :,while the rest are short vowels. 13. 语音学和音系学有什么区别? They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how t
26、hey are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are
27、 used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 14. 音素、音位和音位变体有什么区别?Phones are the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.; some do, some dont. A phoneme is a basic unit in phonology; it is a unit that is
28、 of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not a sound, but a collection of distinctive phonetic features. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophone
29、s of that phoneme. 15. 什么是超音位特征?它是如何影响语义的?1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as import and import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compund noun a a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receive
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