语言学难点解说文档格式.docx

语言学难点解说文档格式.docx

《语言学难点解说文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学难点解说文档格式.docx（20页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

2. 

现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;

itisbasedon"

high"

（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;

itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"

correct"

ornot.

3. 

什么叫共时研究？

什么叫历时研究？

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;

itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

4. 

人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？

1）Arbitrariness

Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.

3）Duality

Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

4）Displacement

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5）Culturaltransmission

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.

5.Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, 

performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

6. 

Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的？

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;

Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;

itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;

whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

ChapterTwo

7. 

语言交际的两大媒介是什么？

哪一个是基本的交际媒介？

为什么？

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.

8. 

语音学的三个分支是什么。

它们研究的对象各是什么？

Articulatoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichtheespeechsoundsareproduced.

Acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;

itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.

Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.

9. 

什么叫浊音化？

它是如何形成的？

Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheldtogethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.

10. 

宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别？

Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11. 

英语的辅音是如何分类的？

1）byplaceofarticulation:

a. 

bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]

b. 

labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]

c. 

dentalsuchas[θ],[T]

d. 

alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]

e. 

palatalsuchas[∫],[V],[t∫],[dV],[j]

f. 

velarsuchas[k],[g],[N]

g. 

glottalsuchas[h]

2）bymannerofarticulation.

Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]

Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[T],[∫],[V],[h]

Afficatessuchas[t∫],[dV]

Liquidssuchas[l],[r]

Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[N]

Glidessuchas[w],[j]

12. 

英语的元音是如何分类的？

1）Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:

][i][e][A][a],centralvowelssuchas[\:

],[[],[Q]andbackvowelssuchas[u:

][J][C:

]and[B:

]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.

2）Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:

closevowelssuchas[i:

],[i],[u:

],[J],semi-closevowelssuchas[e],[з:

],semi-openvowelssuchas[[],[C:

],andopenvowelssuchas[?

],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:

].

3）Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.

4）TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsinclude[i:

][\:

][C:

][u:

][ɑ:

]，whiletherestareshortvowels.

13. 

语音学和音系学有什么区别？

Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;

itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:

howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;

itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

14. 

音素、音位和音位变体有什么区别？

Phonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.;

somedo,somedon’t. 

Aphonemeisabasicunitinphonology;

itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit. 

Itisnotasound,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Inactualspeech,aphonemeisrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

15. 

什么是超音位特征？

它是如何影响语义的？

1） 

ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompundnounaaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceive