1、如:1)滞期费/速遣费应由托运人与船主按租船合同直接商定。Demurrage / Dispatch Money shall be settled direct between the Shippers and the Owners in the light of / in conformity with / according to the Charter Party. 2)双方应按照平等互利的原则决定公司的一切重大事项。Both Parties shall discuss and decide all the important matters of the Company in accor
2、dance with / in compliance with / on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.)甲乙双方同意开始的10000打衬衫按“剪裁、缝制、装饰”的条款生产,其余的则按照通常的条款生产。Party A and Party B agree that the first 10000 dozen blouses shall be made under cut-make-trim terms and the rest of the orders under normal terms. 3)投资人应尽力按照交货计划运交中方采购的材料。
3、 Investor shall endeavor to deliver the materials ordered by SINO as per specified delivery schedule. 2、当与价格条件搭配使用时,常用on the basis of , on .basis。1)出租人必须按CIF黄埔条件在附件规定的时间内把所租设备运交承租人。 The Lessor shall deliver the Leased equipment to the Lessee on the basis of CIF Huangpu within the time of shipment st
4、ated in the Appendix.2)甲方应按照付现和返销两种方式分别详细报出设备的价格、专有技术与技术服务费。Party A shall quote Party B, on cash basis and on buy-back basis separately, the prices of the equipment and the charges of know-how and technical service.、当与数值、质量、金额、重量搭配使用时,常用介词for, on, 意为“以作为依据”或“以而定”。1)由卖方依照中国人民保险公司海洋货物运输保险条款按发票总值110%投保
5、一切险及战争险。The Sellers are to effect insurance for 110% of invoice value against All Risks and War Risk as per the relevant Ocean Marine Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China.2)临时性发票按质量为72%磷酸三钙并按提单所列的装运重量减1开具。The provisional Invoice will be made out for quality of Tribasic Phosphate of Lime
6、 and on the shipped weight in B/L less 1%.3) 如果雇主拖延支付工程款项,则应按拖欠的金额和天数,以月息10%的利率计付利息。In case the Employer delays in payment of the project cost to the Contractor, interest shall be chargeable at 10% per month on the amount and for the number of days in arrears. 、当表达“按价格(数率)”或“按要求”时,应用介词at。)领航费按每艘轮船60
7、美元支付。Pilotage fees shall be charged at the rate of $ 60 per vessel. 3)出租人应按优惠价格向承租人提供原料、燃料和部件。The Lessor will supply the Lessee with raw materials, fuel and component parts at favorable prices. 4)若在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺点,投资人必须按中方要求,及时适当解决。In case defect o the delivered equipment is found within the warranty
8、 period, INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay, at SINOs request. 5、当表达“按比例”时,应用介词短语in proportion to。 本保证书金额将随已付金额按比例减少。 The guaranteed amount of this Letter of Guarantee will be reduced in proportion to the sum already paid.6当与表时间的名词使用时,用介词on,有时也可用其它相应的介词短语。1)借款企业必须按银行
9、规定的计算利息日期支付利息。 The borrower shall pay interest on the date set by the bank for its computation. 2)乙方人员的工资应按天计算,从离开广州之日起计,直到离开伊拉克之日截止。 Wages of the Personnel of Party B shall be paid in respect of every day from the date of departure from Guangzhou until the date of departure from Iraq.二、使用动词有时用动词短语c
10、onfirm to , comply with, abide by等能使行文更简洁。 若劳务公司不按合同规定派出人员,雇主在提前7天书面通知劳务公司后有权终止本合同。 If Party B fails to comply with / confirm to / abide by the terms and conditions of the Contract in dispatching the Personnel, the Employer may terminate this Contract by serving a seven days prior notice in writing
11、to Party B. (比较:fails to be in compliance with )三、用其它形式,如副词、连词等。1) 磷酸三钙含量低于所保证的72%,须按每单位售价的2%计算补贴,从货款中扣除,不足一个单位的按比例计算。Should the content of Tribasic Phosphate of Lime fall below the guaranteed 72%, an allowance on the basis of 2% of the sales price for each unit shall be calculated and deducted from
12、 the purchase price fractions pro rata.(副词)2) 双方发生任何争议不能通过友好协商解决时,应按照国际商会的调解和仲裁规则在伦敦进行仲裁。 Any dispute arising out of this Contract, which cannot be settled by amicable negotiation between the parties, shall be referred to arbitration pursuant to the Rules of Conciliation and arbitration of Internati
13、onal Chamber of Commerce in London. (短语副词)3)承包人应按投标报价单中所报的工程进度于14个月内完成全部工程。 The Contractor shall complete the whole works within 14 months as the progress schedule bid in the Contractors Quotation. (连词)四、用“零形”(zero form)所谓的“零形”是指根据具体的上下文,不直接表达出“按照”的语言形式,而是将其虚化,从而使行文更简洁、流畅。1)购买此大宗商品,我们宁愿按离岸价条款成交,以便用我
14、们自己的船只装运货物。 When we purchase the staple commodities, we prefer FOB terms so as to ship the goods by our own vessels. (比较: we prefer to conclude business on FOB basis ) 2)对于不能在规定时间内完成工程者,应按照双方义务与责任的规定条款科以罚金。 Any contractor unable to complete the required works within the time limited agreed upon in t
15、he Contract, is liable to the penalty specified in the stipulations governing the duties and responsibilities of both Parties. 3)承包人应向施工现场提供确保按时按质完成施工和维修所需的熟练技术工、半熟练技术工和一般工人。 The Contractor shall provide and employ on the site the skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor as is necessary for the pro
16、per and timely execution and maintenance of the works. 从以上例子的对比可以看出,汉语“按照”一词在搭配上“包容”度大,是意合性语言特点的典型体现,其表达形式固定单一,但行文简洁;相对于形合性特点的英语而言,其概念搭配比较注重词的内涵差异,形式灵活多样,且允许“零形”表达,而且不同的词语有文体差异,有些介词显得正式、庄重,有的则显得简洁、明快。在商务英文合同写作或翻译中如能熟练、灵活表达这一概念,将会使表达准确,文字质量增色。语料来源:吴 敏,吴明忠,国际经贸英语合同写作,暨南大学出版社,2002。诸葛霖,实用外贸英语书信手册,商务印书馆,
17、1998。Case 2:法律文本功能负荷词汇“依法、守法/约”的对比研究语料来源: 主要以香港特别行政区双语法律第32章成公司条例和中华人民共和国公司法(包括官方的英译本), 研究目的:对该两部法律中与表达“依法”或“守法约”概念有关的词语进行比较研究。研究理由:“依法”或“守法约”的概念词属于出现频率最高的法律套语词,因为法律或合同所涉及的当事人如果不“依法”或不“守法约”,那么所制订的法律或所签署的合同的任何目标都将无法实现。所以,几乎所有的法律或合同条文或条款中都包含大量的要求或强制人们或有关方“依法”或“守法约”的内容。方法: 在汉语中,“依照、依从、按照、遵守(遵从、遵照、遵循)、根
18、据、符合”是最主要的表达“依法”或“守法约”的词汇,表达类似概念的英文词汇主要有 : subject to ; abide by ; observe, keep, follow; comply with, in compliance with/to . in conformity with/to; pursuant to, in pursuance of; in accordance with, according to; under;:等香港公司条例在香港总共1,181部法律中是最重要、最常被引用的法律,该法总共有2,247个完整的句子(以英文句号计算,该法共有句子2,247个上述英文词汇,
19、几乎每个句子都使用其中一个这类词汇。而篇幅较短、仅有219个条文的中华人民共国公司法也使用了135个表达“依法”、“守法约”概念的汉语词(主要为“依照、依法、符合、遵守”等),即45%的条文中都包含这类用词。因此,搞清这些词的确切含义和典型应用,对准确掌握法律文本中这一套重要套语词的用法、写法和译法十分有意义。首先对法律英文中动词形式的 “译法”或“守法约”概念展开讨论。Abide by, observe, keep, follow 的异同英文中这几个词都是表达“依法”、“守法”的动词,主要用于表达“守法”的概念。后两词(keep,follow)的语域非常低,少用在法律文本中。最正式的表达“守
20、法”概念的是abide by,其次是observe。例1中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律,保守国家机密,爱护公共财产,遵守劳动纪律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德。(中华人民共和国宪法第五十三条)( Citizens of the Peoples Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property and observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethic
21、s. )例2The garrison shall abide by the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. ( The Basic Law of Hong Kong,Article 14)驻军人员除须遵守全国性的法律外,还须遵守香港特别行政区的法律。两个权威文本的用词可以看出选词取向:如果要表达“依法”、“守法”概念,最好用正式程度较高的abide by (abide by the Constitution and the law);而“守规矩”、“守约”,即遵守强制性略逊或语体正式程度略低的命令、指令、判令、规定、规则
22、、规范、原则、准则(如道德)、纪律等时,可以用observe (observe labour discipline and public order)或comply with。虽然该两组词意思相同,汉语用词为“遵守”,在英文有时也可以互相替代,但绝对不是在每一种情下都是等同的,这种差别在同一个语境的用词搭配比较中可以清楚地显现。中华人民共和国公司法中英版本将两者用法区别得很清楚。例3第五条公司从事经营活动,必须遵守法律、行政法规,遵守社会公德、商业道德,诚实守信,接受政府和社会公众的监督,承担社会责任。(Article 5 In conducting its business, a compa
23、ny must abide by laws and administrative rules and must abide by laws and administrative rules and regulations, observe social morals and business ethics, conduct businesses in good faith, subject itself to the supervision of the government and the public and fulfill social responsibilities.)虽然原文用了两
24、个“遵守”,但译成英文时,一个译为abide by,另一个译成observe。主要原因是“法律”、“法规”的正式程度要高于“社会公德”和“商业道德”。但这并不是说对法律或规章的“遵守”一定要用abide by而不能用observe或comply with。下文要求租客遵守的就是“规章制度”,而昕用的动词却是observe与keep.如果要表示“守约”、“守规矩”(遵从或符合具体的法规要求)而不是“依法”、“守法”(尤其该法是宪制性的重要法律)这一层意思,最好还是选用comply with(或从该原形词演变成的短语)。在公司条例的24万字(英文单词)遵从遵守的概念随处可见,但abide by在整
25、部法律中一次都没有出现过(而在仅仅万字的基本法中却出现过4次,在同样只有万字中华人民共和国宪法英文本中出现过7次,observe也只被使用过4次,而comply with以及in compliance with则被使用过316次。 所以,在法律文本的写作和翻译中,abide by 词必须慎用。就这几个词的强制程度而言,abide by最高,observe次之,接着才是comply with。倘若含有abide by的条款没有被妥善执行或遵守,那就是“犯法违法”;含有observe的条款没有被妥善执行或遵守,为“违法违规”;含有comply with类的条款没有被妥善执行或遵从,则为“违规违约”。其所表达的强制程度,孰轻孰重,一目了然。
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1