1、不能答在试卷上。 .3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域 内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅 笔和涂改液，不按以上要求作答的答案无效。4. 考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。第一部分 阅读理解（共两节,满分40分）第一节（共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂。AIn 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain.
2、People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without th
3、e names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the pu
4、blication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How
5、 did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of th
6、em. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiencesfrom all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of
7、talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.1Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?AThey
8、 were difficult to understand.BThey were popular among the rich.CThey were seen as nearly worthless.DThey were written mostly by women.2Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.Ahis reputation in FranceBhis interest in modern artChis success in publicationDhis importance in lite
9、rature3What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo remember a great writer.BTo introduce an English novel.CTo encourage studies on culture.DTo promote values of the Victorian age.BEl Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the glob
10、al weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The we
11、ather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped Americans economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from
12、 extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought （干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California,
13、 they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prep
14、are. According to the Overseas Development Institute （ODI）, however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on
15、 reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure （基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers （下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after flo
16、ods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Ninos harmful effectsand the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that t
17、hose disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.4What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?AIt is named after a South American fisherman.BI
18、t takes place almost every year all over the world.CIt forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.DIt sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.5What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?AAgricultural harvests in rich countries fall.BDroughts become more harmfu
19、l than floods.CRich countries gains are greater than their losses.DPoor countries suffer less from droughts economically.6The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_.Amore investment should go to risk reductionBgovernments of poor countries need more aidCvictims of El Nino deserve more com
20、pensationDrecovery and reconstruction should come first7What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?ATo introduce El Nino and its origin.BTo explain the consequences of El Nino.CTo show ways of fighting against El Nino.DTo urge people to prepare for El Nino.C For Western designers, China and
21、its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“Its no secret that China has always been a source（来源） of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚） shows.Earlier this ye
22、ar, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics（美学） on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centu
23、ries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consu
24、mers of fashion they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobsand beating them
25、hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers,” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has
26、become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about Chinaits influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”8What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?AIt promoted the sales of artwor
27、ks. BIt attracted a large number of visitors.CIt showed ancient Chinese clothes. DIt aimed to introduce Chinese models.9What does Hill say about Chinese women?AThey are setting the fashion. BThey start many fashion campaigns.CThey admire super models. DThey do business all over the world.10What do t
28、he underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?Alearning from Blooking down on Cworking with Dcompeting against11What can be a suitable title for the text?AYoung Models Selling Dreams to the WorldBA Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkCDifferences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsDChine
29、se Culture Fueling International Fashion TrendsD California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor（因素）.The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 squa
30、re miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern Cali
31、fornia the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that w
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