1、(look up是短语动词。 The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。5.1 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、
2、性质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。 He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept sile
3、nt at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动
4、词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他
5、的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)5.2 什么是助动词 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England.他被派往英国
6、。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would5.3 助动词b
7、e的用法 1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如: He is to go to New York next week.
8、他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons.我们要教新生。说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令,例如:You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见,例如:How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他?Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢?d. 表示相约、商定,例如:We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomor
9、row morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。5.5 助动词do 的用法 1) 构成一般疑问句,例如: Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗? Did you study German?你们学过德语吗?2) do + not 构成否定句,例如: I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesnt like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重
10、要性。3)构成否定祈使句,例如:Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5) 用于倒装句,例如:Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we
11、realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6) 用作代动词,例如:- Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗?- Yes, I do.-是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?他知道如何开车,对吧?5.6 助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一
12、般将来时,例如:I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。5.7 助动词should,would的用法 1)should无词义,只是sha
13、ll的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。比较: What shall I do next week?I asked.我下周干什么?我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如: He said he would come. 他说他要来。 I will go, he said. 他说:我要去那儿。
14、变成间接引语,就成了:He said he would come. 原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。5.8 短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1) 动词+副词,如:black out;2) 动词+介词,如:look into;3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。5.9 非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词
15、。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1)不定式时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done2)动名词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分词完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词be 动词的自述1. 通常三种变身是am, is, are。I后am, you后are, is跟着他、她、它,三单后面用is,复数后面要用a
16、re。也就是说:随着主语而变化,在I后变成am,在you后变成are,在第三人称单数后面就变成is,而在复数后面一定变成are。2. 在句中可以帮助构成否定句和疑问句。在句中找到的变身后在其后面加not便将句子变成了否定句。如:These are English books. These are not English books.。把调到主语前面可以构成疑问句,不过变化时要注意字母大小写的变化、人称的变化和句末符号。He is my brother. Is he your brother?3. 一般情况下,可与前面主语合作的,我们可以缩写。I am =Im; you are =youre;
17、he is =hes; it is =its, the girl is =the girls等。但你可不要和this, these, those掺和在一起,。此外,否定句中也常与not合写,如:is not =isnt; are not =arent。但am可不愿意与not缩写。特别需要注意的是,在肯定答语的句末是不能与主语缩写的。如不可说 Yes, its.。而在否定答语中,可以与后面的not缩写但am只可与主语I缩写。不与其后的not缩写。另外,当前面的主语是两个或两个以上的人或事物时,就不能缩写。即你不可以说 He and Ire in Class 2. 。4. 在你们目前所学的范围内,
18、不与实义动词连用的。你不能说 Im think so.;也不能说 m not know.5. 翻译或造句时千万别忘了它。一般说来,在汉语句子中有be出现时,你们往往不会忘记,如他们是老师译为 They are teachers. 但是,当汉语中没出现时,你们常会受汉语影响,忘了be。如你们中有些人会把他在家。He at home.上句的正确译法为: He is at home.热身训练I. 用be动词的适当形式填空。1. He_a teacher. His name_Li Ying.2. I_a girl. My name_Wei Hua.3. Who_that boy? He_Liu Hua
19、.4. How old_you? I_ten.5. What_this? It_a desk.6. What_its name? Its name _Polly.7. _you in Row Three? Yes, I _.8. _Jim a boy? Yes, he _.9. _it a cat? Yes, it_.10. You_a boy. I_a boy, too.11. Kates father_a worker.12. Mary and Ann_girl students.13. Jims sister and I_in Row Three.14. Who_the boys in
20、the room?15. Lucys mother and father_not at home.II. 判断下列句子中的缩写有无错误,正确的打,错误的在后面括号内改正过来。1. Thiss a pencil. Its his pencil. ( )2. Are these your apples? No, theyre not. ( )3. Thosere not eggs. Theyre oranges. ( )4. Whos that boy? Hes Lin Tao. Hes my friend. ( )5. Im a teacher. My names Gao Hui. ( )6.
21、Are you in Class 6, Grade 1? Yes, Im. ( )III. 根据要求改写下列句子。1. Is she an English girl? Yes, she is.(改为复数句子)2. It isnt an apple tree. (改为复数句子)3. Those are Chinese buses. (改为否定句)4. They are our new coats. (改为一般疑问句)5. Jim is on duty today. (对划线部分提问)6. My brother is fifteen. (对划线部分提问)参考答案:I. 1. is, is 2. a
22、m, is 3. is, is 4. are, am 5. is, is 6. is, is 7. Are, am 8. Is, is 9. Is, is 10. are, am 11. is 12. are 13. are 14. are 15. areII. 1. ThissThis is 2.They sre notthey arent 3. ThosereThose are 4. 5.6. ImI amIII. 1. Are they English girls? Yes, they are. 2. They arent apple trees. 3. Those arent Chin
23、ese buses. 4. Are they your new coats? 5. Whos on duty today? 6. How old is your brother?规则动词的词形变化(1)陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形:(a)原形动词词尾+“-s”:help(帮助)helpscome(来)comes(b)原形动词词尾“ch,sh,o,s,x”+“-es”:teach(教)teacheswash(洗)washesgo(去)goeskiss(吻)kissesfix(安装)fixes(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时,去“y”后加“-ies”,若是“元音字母+y”,只加“-s”:
24、study(学习)studiesplay(游戏)plays解说:本项规则的“第三人称单数”是指句子的主语。I go to school on a bicycle every day .You go to school on a bicycle every day.She goes to school on a bicycle every day.(2)现在分词(也称“-ing”形):(a)原形动词词尾+“-ing”。speakspeaking(说)studystudying(学习)gogoing(去)(b)原形动词词尾为“-e”时,去“-e”后+“-ing”。liveliving(住)makemaking(制造)(c)原形动词词尾为“-ie”时,先把“-ie”改为“-y”后+“-ing”。lielying(卧,躺)diedying(死)(d)原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时,先双写词尾辅音字母后再+“-ing”。planplanning(计划)
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