英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例.doc

1、英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例参考范文1Distance LearningThis paper will summarize two articles on distance learning and give the authors views on the benefits and obstacles of implementing distance-learning in a junior and senior high school learning environment. Jeannette McDonald, in her article: Is “As good as face-

2、to-face” as good as it gets? (2002), raises a very important question as to whether “the goal of online learning should be to meet existing standards of traditional education” (McDonald, 2002) or “has distance learning, and especially online education opened the door to enhanced strategies in teachi

3、ng and learning” (McDonald, 2002)? Online learning may just be “doing different things” (McDonald, 2002). What are these different things? Jeannette McDonald claims that “distance education can be a frontier for new methods of communication giving rise to innovative teaching and learning practices t

4、hat may not be possible in traditional, place-bound education” (2002). The article discusses both the positive and “potential negative impacts of online education” (McDonald, 2002). There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments. Online education is available “anyplace, anyti

5、me for global communities of learners based on shared interests” (McDonald, 2002). Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education with its group-based instruction and computer mediated communication (CMC) provides an opportunity for new development and understanding in teaching and learning” (2002

6、). CMC encourages “collaborative learning by not providing cues regarding appearance, race, gender, education, or social status bestowing a sort of anonymity to participants” (McDonald, 2002). Distance also “permits the expression of emotion (both positive and negative) and promotes discussion that

7、normally would be inhibited. Yet, this same text-based positive aspect of online learning, makes online education more cumbersome and therefore takes more time than face-to-face learning. In addition, the sheer bulk of messages can be overwhelming” (McDonald, 2002). The learner only has the written

8、text and no other “non-verbal” (McDonald, 2002) cues. This may confuse the learner and cause “misunderstanding” (McDonald, 2002). The article lists the “seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education” (McDonald, 2004) published in 1987 by the American Association of Higher Education Bu

9、lletin. Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education has the potential to achiever all of these practices” (2002). There is a need for quality and standards for distance learning. “In April 2000, the institute of Higher Education Policy produced a study with 24 benchmarks for the success in Inte

10、rnet-based distance education” (The Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000). Although Jeannette McDonald feels that there are “biases against distance learning programs” (2002), her recommendation is “to take advantage of the potential of online education by striving to understand the technolog

11、y and how it affects human communication and interaction” (2002). “In the road to dotcom in education” (2004), Mark David Milliron deals with a very progressive idea that suggests educators “slow down from their busy lives to be free to focus first on connecting with learners and connecting them to

12、learning before they end up feeling like they are no longer using technology, but are being used by it” (Milliron, 2004). He compares education to a highway where educators are faced with many “road hazards”. Mark Milliron claims that “looking for road hazards on a journey takes concentration which

13、is not often practiced by those with a need for speed or those caught up in their competitive drives” (2004). He gives examples of how ridiculous people are becoming when they “strive to stay connected to cell phones and e-mails at the price of deep personal connections with their family members and

14、 friends” (Milliron, 2004). He quotes Dr. Edward Hallowell, who ironically states “how many electronic connections we have today, yet how hard it is for us to form authentic and deep personal connections” (Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron gives an excellent comparison of how technology has blinded peo

15、ple when he says that they are becoming “more and more like Pavlovs dogs: at the ding of incoming e-mails they stop what theyre doing, salivate, and rush to the screen” (2004). There is pressure to keep up with the times as well as “a cost-of-entry issue regarding technology in education. Without a

16、certain level of technology services and learning options, many students will not consider attending a certain institution” (Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron claims that “any technology has to prove that it will ultimately improve or expand learning” (2004). This will come about if educators “slow down, look around, and get on the road to DotCalm- a place to thoughtfully engage and explore all aspects of technology, good, bad, or indifferen