英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例.doc

英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例.doc

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英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例

参考范文1

DistanceLearning

Thispaperwillsummarizetwoarticlesondistancelearningandgivetheauthor’sviewsonthebenefitsandobstaclesofimplementingdistance-learninginajuniorandseniorhighschoollearningenvironment.

JeannetteMcDonald,inherarticle:

Is“Asgoodasface-to-face”asgoodasitgets?

（2002）,raisesaveryimportantquestionastowhether“[the]goal[ofonlinelearningshouldbe]tomeetexistingstandardsoftraditionaleducation”（McDonald,2002）or“hasdistancelearning,andespeciallyonlineeducationopenedthedoortoenhancedstrategiesinteachingandlearning”（McDonald,2002）?

Onlinelearningmayjustbe“doingdifferentthings”（McDonald,2002）.Whatarethesedifferentthings?

JeannetteMcDonaldclaimsthat“distanceeducationcanbeafrontierfornewmethodsofcommunicationgivingrisetoinnovativeteachingandlearningpracticesthatmaynotbepossibleintraditional,place-boundeducation”（2002）.Thearticlediscussesboththepositiveand“potentialnegativeimpactsofonlineeducation”（McDonald,2002）.

Therearemanybenefitstousingonlinedistancelearningenvironments.Onlineeducationisavailable“anyplace,anytime[for]globalcommunitiesoflearnersbasedonsharedinterests”（McDonald,2002）.JeannetteMcDonaldclaimsthat“onlineeducation[withits]group-basedinstruction[and]computermediatedcommunication（CMC）providesanopportunityfornewdevelopmentandunderstandinginteachingandlearning”（2002）.CMCencourages“collaborativelearning[bynotproviding]cuesregardingappearance,race,gender,education,orsocialstatusbestowingasortofanonymitytoparticipants”（McDonald,2002）.Distancealso“permitstheexpressionofemotion（bothpositiveandnegative）andpromotesdiscussionthatnormallywouldbeinhibited.[Yet,thissame]text-based[positiveaspectofonlinelearning],makesonlineeducationmorecumbersomeandthereforetakesmoretimethanface-to-facelearning.[Inaddition,]thesheerbulkofmessagescanbeoverwhelming”（McDonald,2002）.Thelearneronlyhasthewrittentextandnoother“non-verbal”（McDonald,2002）cues.Thismayconfusethelearnerandcause“misunderstanding”（McDonald,2002）.Thearticleliststhe“sevenprinciplesofgoodpracticeinundergraduateeducation”（McDonald,2004）publishedin1987bytheAmericanAssociationofHigherEducationBulletin.JeannetteMcDonaldclaimsthat“onlineeducationhasthepotentialtoachieverallofthesepractices”（2002）.Thereisaneedforqualityandstandardsfordistancelearning.“InApril2000,theinstituteofHigherEducationPolicyproducedastudywith24benchmarksforthesuccessinInternet-baseddistanceeducation”（TheInstituteforHigherEducationPolicy,2000）.

AlthoughJeannetteMcDonaldfeelsthatthereare“biasesagainstdistancelearningprograms”（2002）,herrecommendationis“totakeadvantageofthepotentialofonlineeducation[bystriving]tounderstandthetechnologyandhowitaffectshumancommunicationandinteraction”（2002）.

“Intheroadtodotcomineducation”（2004）,MarkDavidMillirondealswithaveryprogressiveideathatsuggestseducators“slow…downfrom[their]busylives…tobefreetofocusfirstonconnectingwithlearnersandconnectingthemtolearning…before[they]endupfeelinglike[they]arenolongerusingtechnology,butarebeingusedbyit”（Milliron,2004）.Hecompareseducationtoahighwaywhereeducatorsarefacedwithmany“roadhazards”.MarkMillironclaimsthat“lookingforroadhazardsonajourneytakesconcentration[which]isnotoftenpracticedbythosewithaneedforspeedorthosecaughtupintheircompetitivedrives”（2004）.Hegivesexamplesofhowridiculouspeoplearebecomingwhenthey“strivetostayconnected[tocellphonesande-mailsatthepriceof]deeppersonalconnectionswith[their]familymembersandfriends”（Milliron,2004）.HequotesDr.EdwardHallowell,whoironicallystates“howmanyelectronicconnectionswehavetoday,yethowharditisforustoformauthenticanddeeppersonalconnections”（Milliron,2004）.MarkMillirongivesanexcellentcomparisonofhowtechnologyhasblindedpeoplewhenhesaysthattheyarebecoming“moreandmorelikePavlov’sdogs:

atthedingofincominge-mailstheystopwhatthey’redoing,salivate,andrushtothescreen”（2004）.Thereispressuretokeepupwiththetimesaswellas“acost-of-entryissueregardingtechnologyineducation.Withoutacertainleveloftechnologyservicesandlearningoptions,manystudentswillnotconsiderattending[acertain]institution”（Milliron,2004）.MarkMillironclaimsthat“anytechnologyhastoprovethatitwillultimatelyimproveorexpandlearning”（2004）.Thiswillcomeaboutifeducators“slowdown,lookaround,andgetontheroadtoDotCalm-aplace[to]thoughtfullyengageandexploreallaspectsoftechnology,good,bad,orindifferen