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1、3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。第八篇 Eat HealthyClean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate -club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal: Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! Sure, we should be grateful for ev

2、ery bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer

3、, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutr

4、ition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling

5、 for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who c

6、ant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours a

7、t low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /?:f?n / n.孤儿belly /beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:tri?n / n.营养waistline / weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / peit?ek / n.薪金支票

8、注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today st

9、ory. 根据今日美国刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many

10、 people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging

11、 human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine,

12、 infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today

13、 who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social securi

14、ty checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and

15、 ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak perso

16、n. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the d

17、ying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency / dipend?nsi/ n.依赖性contemporary / k?ntemp?r?ri / .现代的obligation / ,?bliei?n / n. 义务insurance / inu?ns / n. 保险welfare / welf? / n.福利senile / si:nail / dj. 衰老的grave /reiv / dj. 严肃的convalescent /,k?nv?les?

18、nt/ dj.康复的sponsor / sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助institution /,institju:n / n. 机构注释:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died

19、of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济go on 有许多意思，其中

20、的一个意思是依靠过活。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.（工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。）7. grave problems: 严重的问题8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the Nation

21、al Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs.Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the

22、 electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex （an area that processes sensory information） and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles

23、（bursts of activity from the neocortex） were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings o

24、f the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30

25、people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys

26、tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribut

27、e to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age. Convit says. And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason

28、to go to the gym.perchance p?:ns adv. 偶然；可能online nlain n. 在线的stow st?u vt. 贮藏，堆装emanate em?neit vi. 发源somatosensory ,s?um?sens?ri adj. 体觉的neocortex ,ni:uk?teks n. 新（大脑）皮质oscillation ,?silei?n n. 振荡intertwine ,int?twain v. 缠绕spindle spindl n. 纺锤体ripple ripl n. 波动，脉动diabetes ,dai?bi:ti:z n. 糖尿病recoll

29、ection ,rek?lek?n n. 回忆shrinkage ri?kid? n. 收缩impairment imp?m?nt n. 损伤intrigue intri: n. 引起。兴趣（或好奇心）cognition k?ni?n n. 认识注释：1. file memories：归档并储存记忆。 file：意为 to put or keep （papers,etc. ） in useful order for storage or reference（把归档）。2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句 To sleep: pe

30、rchance to dream. 改编而来。3. the Proceedings: （科学文献、会议文献）汇编，常用复数形式。4. zzz：（拟声词）打鼾声 5. Rutgers University：美国新泽西州立大学 （the State University of New Jersey）。6. emanating from：发源于。7. neocortex：新（大脑）皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是新的8. thehippocampus：大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称海马状突起，在泛记过程中起主要作用。9. tens of milliseconds：几十毫秒10. age-associated memory decline：与年龄相关的记忆衰退