职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目只有文章Word文件下载.docx
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3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。
第八篇EatHealthy
"
Cleanyourplate!
and"
Beamemberoftheclean-plate-club!
JustabouteverykidintheUShasheardthisfromaparentorgrandparent.Often，it'
saccompaniedbyanappeal:
JustthinkaboutthosestarvingorphansinAfrica!
Sure,weshouldbegratefulforeverybiteoffood.Unfortunately,manypeopleintheUStaketoomanybites.Insteadofstaying"
cleantheplate"
perhapsweshouldsavesomefoodfortomorrow.
Accordingtonewsreports,USrestaurantsarepartlytoblameforthegrowingbellies.Awaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomer,withtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernment,accordingtoaUSATodaystory.Americanstraditionallyassociatequantitywithvalueandmostrestaurantstrytogivethemthat.Theyprefertohavecustomerscomplainabouttoomuchfoodratherthantoolittle.
BarbaraRolls,anutritionprofessoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,toldUSATodaythatrestaurantportionsizesbegantogrowinthe1970s,thesametimethattheAmericanwaistlinebegantoexpand.
Healthexpertshavetriedtogetmanyrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.Now,apparently，somecustomersarecallingforthistoo.TherestaurantindustrytrademagazineQSRreportedlastmonththat57percentofmorethan4,000peoplesurveyedbelieverestaurantsserveportionsthataretoolarge;
23percenthadnoopinion;
20percentdisagreed.ButacloserlookatthesurveyindicatesthatmanyAmericanswhocan'
taffordfinediningstillpreferlargeportions.Seventypercentofthoseearningatleast$150,000peryearprefersmallerportions;
butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan$25,000wantsmaller.
It'
snotthatworkingclassAmericansdon'
twanttoeathealthy.It'
sjustthat，afterlonghoursatlow-payingjobs，gettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikeagooddeal.Theylivefrompaychecktopaycheck，happytosavealittlemoneyfornextyear'
sChristmaspresents.
词汇:
orphan/'
'
?
:
f?
n]/n.孤儿
belly/'
beli/n.肚子
nutrition/nju:
tri?
n/n.营养
waistline/'
weistlain/n.腰围
paycheck/'
pei'
t?
ek/n.薪金支票
注释:
1.Beamemberoftheclean-plateclub!
做清盘俱乐部的成员
2.JustthinkaboutthosestarvingorphansinAfrica!
只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!
3.taketoomanybites吃得太多
4.AWaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomer，withtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernment,accordingtoaUSATodaystory.根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5.It'
sjustthat,afterlonghoursatlow-payingjobs,gettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikea
gooddeal.事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
第十九篇ProlongingHumanLife
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelonger,therearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infact,itisadecreaseindeathrates,notanincreaseinbirthrates,thathasledtothepopulationexplosion.
Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocieties,peoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringcultures,oldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamine,infantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarved,whereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocieties,peoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;
wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirement,somebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;
unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurance,theymustoften"
goonwelfare"
iftheyhaveaseriousillness.
Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweakandilltocareforthemselves,theycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalcultures,theywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Today,withmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschool,thereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneed,agreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizations,althoughsomearesponsoredbyreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsarcgood,mostofthemaresimply"
dumpinggrounds"
forthedyinginwhich"
care"
isgivenbypoorlypaid,overworked,andunder-skilledpersonnel.
词汇：
dependency/di'
pend?
nsi/n.依赖性
contemporary/k?
n'
temp?
r?
ri/α.现代的
obligation/,?
bli'
ɡei?
n/n.义务
insurance/in'
u?
ns/n.保险
welfare/'
welfε?
/n.福利
senile/'
si:
nail/αdj.衰老的
grave/ɡreiv/αdj.严肃的
convalescent/,k?
nv?
les?
nt/αdj.康复的
sponsor/'
sp?
ns?
/v.发起，资助
institution/,insti'
tju:
n/n.机构
注释:
1.Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation:
延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。
句中的prolonginghumanlife是动名词短语。
由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。
如:
Collectingstampsishishobby.
2.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago:
如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。
3.Becausemorepeoplelivelonger,therearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime:
因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。
4.thedependencyload:
抚养人口数量。
5.Intimesoffamine:
在饥荒年代
6.goonwelfare:
靠福利救济
goon有许多意思，其中的一个意思是"
依靠……过活"
。
例:
Manypeoplegoonwelfarewhenjobsbecomescarce.
（工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。
）
7.graveproblems:
严重的问题
8.convalescenthospitals:
康复医院;
疗养院
9.profit-makingorganizations:
赢利机构
10.dumpinggrounds:
垃圾场
Tosleep.Perchancetofile?
FindingspublishedonlinethisweekbytheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesfurthersupportthetheorythatthebrainorganizesandstowsmemoriesformedduringthedaywhiletherestofthebodyiscatchingzzz'
s.
GyorgyBuzsakiofRutgersUniversity5andhiscolleaguesanalyzedthebrainwavesofsleepingratsandmice.Specifically,theyexaminedtheelectricalactivityemanatingfrom6thesomatosensoryneocortex（anareathatprocessessensoryinformation）andthehippocampus,whichisacenterforlearningandmemory.Thescientistsfoundthatoscillationsinbrainwavesfromthetworegionsappeartobeintertwined.So-calledsleepspindles（burstsofactivityfromtheneocortex）werefollowedtensofmillisecondslaterbybeatsinthehippocampusknownasripples.Theteampositsthatthisinterplaybetweenthetwobrainregionsisakeystepinmemoryconsolidation.Asecondstudy,alsopublishedonlinethisweekbytheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,linksage-associatedmemorydeclinetohighglucoselevels.
Previousresearchhadshownthatindividualswithdiabetessufferfromincreasedmemoryproblems.Inthenewwork,AntonioConvitofNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicineandhiscollaboratorsstudied30peoplewhoseaverageagewas69toinvestigatewhethersugarlevels,whichtendtoincreasewithage,affectmemoryinhealthypeopleaswell.Thescientistsadministered11recalltests,brainscansandglucosetolerancetests,whichmeasurehowquicklysugarisabsorbedfromthebloodbythebody'
stissues.Subjectswiththepoorestmemoryrecollection,theteamdiscovered,alsodisplayedthepoorestglucosetolerance.Inaddition,theirbrainscansshowedmorehippocampusshrinkagethanthoseofsubjectsbetterabletoabsorbbloodsugar.
Ourstudysuggeststhatthisimpairment12maycontributetothememorydeficits13thatoccuraspeopleage."
Convitsays."
Anditraisestheintriguingpossibilitythatimprovingglucosetolerancecouldreversesomeage-associatedproblemsincognition.14"
Exerciseandweightcontrolcanhelpkeepglucoselevelsincheck15,sotheremaybeonemorereasontogotothegym.
perchance[p?
ɑ:
ns]adv.偶然；
可能
online['
nlain]n.在线的
stow[st?
u]vt.贮藏，堆装
emanate['
em?
neit]vi.发源
somatosensory[,s?
um?
sens?
ri]adj.体觉的
neocortex[,ni:
u'
k?
teks]n.新（大脑）皮质
oscillation[,?
si'
lei?
n]n.振荡
intertwine[,int?
twain]v.缠绕
spindle['
spindl]n.纺锤体
ripple['
ripl]n.波动，脉动
diabetes[,dai?
bi:
ti:
z]n.糖尿病
recollection[,rek?
lek?
n]n.回忆
shrinkage['
ri?
kid?
]n.收缩
impairment[im'
p?
m?
nt]n.损伤
intrigue[in'
tri:
ɡ]n.引起。
兴趣（或好奇心）
cognition[k?
ɡ'
ni?
n]n.认识
注释：
1.filememories：
归档并储存记忆。
file：
意为"
toputorkeep（papers,etc.）inusefulorderforstorageorreference"
（把…归档）。
2.Tosleep.Perchancetofile?
：
从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句"
Tosleep:
perchancetodream."
改编而来。
3.theProceedings:
（科学文献、会议文献）汇编，常用复数形式。
4.zzz：
（拟声词）打鼾声
5.RutgersUniversity：
美国新泽西州立大学（theStateUniversityofNewJersey）。
6.emanatingfrom：
发源于。
7.neocortex：
新（大脑）皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做neopallium。
neo-：
前縀，意思是"
新的"
8.thehippocampus：
大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称"
海马状突起"
，在泛记过程中起主要作用。
9.tensofmilliseconds：
几十毫秒
10.age-associatedmemorydecline：
与年龄相关的记忆衰退
升级会员 