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中考英语专题讲义数词和名词带答案Word格式文档下载.docx

1、9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety10 ten100 one(a) hundred 百1 000 one(a) thousand 千10 000 ten thousand 万100 000 one(a) hundred thousand 十万1 000 000 one(a) million 百万2序数词:序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。常用的序数词如下:序数词缩写firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10

2、th11th12thtwentiethtwenty-firstthirtieththirty-fifthfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredth20th21st30th35th40th50th60th70th80th90th100th(二)数词的某些用法:1、表示计量:表示事物的计量,即事物的长度、宽度、深度和高度,应采用基数词。如:It is 50 metres/kilometers/miles long (wide, deep, high).它有50米/千米/英里长(宽、深、高)。 2、表示编号:编号的数字如

3、果过小,可用序数词或基数词表示;如果数字较大,通常用基数词表示。The tenth lesson=Lesson Ten 第10课Room 405 第405号房Page 215 第215页No.14 Middle School 第14中学Telephone NO.5855806 电话: 5855806II 数词重难点【重点】3、表示不确切的数字:基数词后面直接加上复数名词表示精确的数字,而基数词复数形式加上“of” 表示不确切的数字。 five hundred students 500名学生two thousand people 2000人five dozen pencils 5打铅笔hundr

4、eds of students 几百名学生millions of workers 成千上万的工人scores of chairs 几十张椅子数词单位hundred, thousand, million等表示确定数目时,不用复数形式。five hundred children(五百名儿童)。但这些词用来表示“数百,数千,数百万”等不确定数目时,要用其复数形式,后面加of,再接名词。hundreds and thousands of stars(成千上万颗星星)。注意:1. 在前面有about(大约),more than, over ,several时,一定要用确数。例如 There are mo

5、re than 17 million people in Shanghai now. 现今上海有1700多万人。 2. Two hundred of the students are girls. 确切数目后加of,表示总数当中有200个学生是女生。4、表示年龄和岁数1)表示年龄的主要句式如下: He is a boy of 10 yeas old. 他是个10岁的男孩子。 He is 10 yeas old. 他10 岁。 At the age of ten, he began to learn English. 他10岁开始学英语。 He is 10(years of age). He i

6、s a ten-year-old boy.2) 介词in+ ones twenties (thirties) 表示 “在某人20多岁(30多岁)”。My father is in his fifties. 我爸爸50多岁。When he was in his forties, he began to learn English. 当他40多岁时,他开始学英语。 注意区分:on ones twentieth birthday on the twentieth floor【难点】5、表示年代:表示什么世纪,什么年代时,通常在数词后加s或s,并在年代前加定冠词the ,如1980s(20世纪80年代

7、),读作:nineteen eighties. His grandfather died in the 1970s。 他爷爷死于20世纪70年代。6、表示分数:分数的表达方式是:分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子是one时,分母不必加s; 分 子大于one时,分母要加s. a(=one) third 三分之一 one fifth 五分之一two thirds 三分之二 three fourths 四分之三Two thirds of the trees were cut down the years ago.10年前三分之二的树木被砍伐了。7、表示百分数:百分数的表达方式是:基数词+ percen

8、t(单数形式)+of+名词。Thirty percent of the students in my class are from cities. 我班30%的学生来自城市。About 61 percent of the surface is covered by water. 大约61%的表面被水覆盖着。随堂练习:I 15年二模1. More than ten _ tourists went to see the flower show on that day. A) thousand B) thousands C) thousands of D) thousand of2. About t

9、wo _ people watch e-sports competitions and cheer on their favorite teams. A) million B) millions C) million of D) millions of3. He took up learning German in his early _. A) sixty B) sixtieth C) sixties D) the sixties AACII 15年一模1.Here are _ different methods to help you fall asleep. A. few B. litt

10、le C. much D. several2. The topic “Food Safety” receives _ Internet hits (点击) from customers every day. A: thousands B: thousand C: thousand of D: thousands of3. _ information comes to the centre from all over the word all the tome.A. Huge amounts of B. Large numbers of C. Many D. A few4.I hear one-

11、fourth of the books in our school _ new. Lets go and borrow some.A) amB) isC) areD) be5. We are in Junior Three. Every weekend we have_homework to do.A) many B) quite a few C) huge amounts of D) a great number of6. Water covers more than_of the Earths surface.A) three-fourth B) three-four C) three-f

12、ourths D) third-fourthsDDACCC知识点2 名词一、名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。2、普通名词: 1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如 fighter, gun, country等。 2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如 family, team, police, class等。 3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。二、名词的数:

13、可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:1)一般情况加 s :books,mouths,houses,girls等。2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加 es:classes,boxes,matches等。3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。4)以 o 结尾的词 +es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。 以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,bamboos,pianos,kilos,photos等。5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +e

14、s:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。 口诀1:+es妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌,躲在架下(shelf)保己命,半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。口诀2:+s海湾边、屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。gulf,roof, chief, serf, belief, proof,handkerchief,这些名词变复数直接加 s。注:scarf(围巾;披风) 可以先改 f 为 ve 再加s,也可直接加 s。 直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs

15、, beliefs等。2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则: 1)manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice. 2)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works. 说明 A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes: There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servantmen servants. (boy/

16、girl students) woman doctorwomen doctors. 表示“某国人”中日不变英法变,其余 s加后面。Chinese Chinese, Japanese Japanese;Englishman Englishmen, Englishwoman Englishwomen,Frenchman Frenchmen, Frenchwoman Frenchwomen;American Americans, Russian Russians, Arab Arabs, German Germans 等。3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , l

17、ooker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化4、字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ s ”或 “ s”: There are two ls in the word “ all ”. Your 7s and 9s look alike. It happened in the 1960s /1960s. I will not accept your ifs and buts.5、物质名词一般没有复数,但如下情况除外: A. 用复数形式表示不同种类: wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义: woodwoods, waterwaters, san

18、dsands.6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数: Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同: The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in

19、China are peasants.9、hair 表示总体时是不可数: His hair is grey 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。11、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定: Where are my glasses ? My new pair of trousers is

20、 too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.12、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词: a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap 【注意】a large number of, much, a little 后只能接不可数名词;a large amount of ,a great number of ,many,后只能接可

21、数名词;some, plenty of, a lot of 后既可以接可数名词,也可以接不可数名词。 用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。小练:1. Mr Smith always has _to tell us Asome good pieces of news B some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes 答案A。解析考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”,是不可数名词,所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类

22、似的词组时,一般放在前面。2. Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well一Well,Id like to try those blue_. Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair解析pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。3. Would you like some drinks, boys?Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes

23、D. two bottles of orange答案 D 解析orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。4. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam.A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the答案 B。 解析news为不可数名词,其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单

24、位词组来表示,如a piece of,a cup of ,two glasses of three bottles of,etc。13、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 说明:可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限;可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ,同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词,要看清整个上下文的具体内容。三、名词的所有格:1、s 所有格: 1)构成: A. 一般词尾+ s.:the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+

25、“ ”: workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s: childrens toys. D. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加s: This is Tom, James and Dicks room. E. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加s: Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south.2、of所有格: 1)凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系: the City of New York. a map of China. 2)下列情况通常要用of 属格: A. 当名词有较长

26、的定语时: the name of the girl standing at the gate. Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.3、双重所有格: 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时,用双重 所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的: a poem of Lu Xun

27、s . a friend of his/hers . Which novel of Dickens are you reading ? some friends of my brothers .4、几种特殊情况: the key to the door. answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / movie a check for $1500. 【巩固练习】1. Learning English is a difficult but happy _. A) program B) progress C) process D) problem2. I think you can get much _ about the culture of Japan after reading this book. A) conclusion B) info

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