新东方网络课堂之GRE作文孙远 课程笔记整理Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、作者的论据evidence：facts，examples，statistics, authorities;作者的假设assumptions,是作者的一种观点，一种想法，阶段性的结论，小结论（假设是否成立？）3. 写作要求例题（Get-Away Airlines）首先，赛车行业合适的项目，航空公司是否合适？赛车和飞机的内部结构不同导致工作性质不同赛车行业的员工去参加培训到底在多大程度上受益。只是时间上有先后关系，并不能代表有因果关系其次，客户的满意度能不能提高是一个值得怀疑的假设：顾客满意的内容最后，profits的问题：利润与市场情形，需求，竞争，成本，客源等有关。典型逻辑错误问题1.数据类问

2、题。调查survey，用数据做证据的问题。要考虑数据是不是具有代表性，是不是具有典型意义。为了确保结果具有代表性，通常有三个步骤要考虑第一步，我们把调查的对象分成几个组成部分。Group-subgroups第二步，确定子群在总群中的比例，总群有多大，回应的人有多少第三步，按照比例随机抽取样品。具有代表性的representative。提问的方式: What procedure was used? 样本规模，完整性，数据是否重要（说明问题），数据是否模糊What question was asked? Loaded question（暗示性的问题）平均数的问题，不合适每个人Begging the

3、 question 循环论证 Fallacy of missing evidence 证据缺失，证据不足Confuse the correlation with causal relation 相关性混淆为因果性Sweeping generalization False analogy 错误类比Either or fallacy 非此及彼 After this, therefore because of this Argument 写作步骤一、 快速审题（2） 快速抓住结论和证据、假设二、 写第一段（5） 模式化In this argument, the arguer concludes th

4、atTo support the conclusion, the arguer points out thatIn addition, the arguer reasons thatThis argument suffers from several critical fallacies.In this argument, the arguer recommends thatTo justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence thatIn addition, he cites the result of a recent study

5、thatA careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.In this analysis, the arguer claims thatTo substantiate the conclusion, the arguer citesIn addition, the arguer assumes thatThis argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.In this argument, the arguer a

6、dvocates thatThis recommendation is based on the observation thatMeanwhile, the arguer assumesThe conclusion in this argument is thatIn support of this prediction, the arguer claims thatMoreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has three benefitsThis argument is fraught with vague, oversimplifi

7、ed and unwarranted assumptions.1. 在归纳原论证信息的时候尽可能用自己的词汇和句式2. 关键核心的词汇可以保留。复述信息要准确，客观3. 注意动词的时态：分析性的词汇，对于原论者的指责，批驳是一般现在时。这篇文章的主体时态是一般现在时；如果是复述原文的证据要保留原文中的时态。第一句指出原论证的结论第二、三句 指出原论证的论据或假设。完整，忠实的复述原论据，假设；抓住原论证的主要论据和主要假设；只谈论据，或者只谈假设。第四句表明自己对原论证的判断。三、 写正文提纲（3）先写出正文每段的TS，确保大局。四、 写正文（14）把TS展开成一个段落。段与段之间空一行，每一

8、段顶格写。1.段落数量的问题：2-4段，原则是一个逻辑错误用一个段落，逻辑错误只有两个，还有一些小问题，就把小问题放到一段里。2正文的每一段开头必须有一个TS，指出这一段要攻击的问题：A. In the first place, In the second place, Last but not least;B. the major problem with this argument is that, Another flaw that weakens this argument is that, In addition, the arguer ignores several other f

9、actors that might undermine the argument.TS patterns for argument essay1. The argument rests on（depends on） the gratuitous/unreasonable assumption that2. The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between A and B3. The major problem with this argument is that4. The arguer unfairly assumes t

10、hat5. The arguers conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that6. The arguer fails to take into account（consider/explain） other possible reasons why7. The arguer fails to provide any evidence that/information concerning8. Another point worth considering is that9. The reasoning that is open

11、to doubt（problematic/questionable/unconvincing/unfounded/unwarranted） 10. Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed between A and B11. The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning12. The arguer oversimplifies13. The arguer overemphasizes the importance of 1

12、4. The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading15. The conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.16. The arguer commits the fallacy of 17. The fact that says little/nothing about18.

13、The fact that does not ensure that /lends no strong support to19. The arguer fails to convince us that20. The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that21. The statistical evidence/the result of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be in

14、formative.22. It makes no sense that攻击的方法1. 例证法。用反面的例子来攻击对方的推理2. 假设法。If，even if，granted that，we can not ensure that, only when, unless, in this/that case, even so3. 推测。It is possible that, it is equally possible that; It is likely that, it is also likely that; possibly, may, might 正文写作要有一些比较漂亮的分析性句型

15、：1. The argument simply equates sth with sth, which is unwarranted2. The mere fact that is insufficient evidence to conclude that3. The argument fails to rule out the possibility that engages in as well as4. Common sense tells us that5. Consequently, the mere fact that does not support the claim tha

16、t6. While this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that7. One can infer from the surveys result that8. If so, even though , the authors argument that would be seriously weakened.9. In addition, while it is true that, this is not true of 10. Consequently, unless the author can demonstra

17、te that, the arguers concern about these issues is unfounded.11. The arguer ignores other likely benefits that affect12. However, unless , there is a good chance that13. Without such evidence, we cannot accept the arguers conclusion that14. Finally, the author unfairly trivializes by15. Comprehensiv

18、e analysis is necessary to identify the actual causes of16. The statistics offered warrants only the conclusion that17. Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual causes

19、of the problem18. From the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures for random sampling, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect as a whole19. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples

20、should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization20. The fact that does not necessarily imply that 21. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented22. But the proble

21、m is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction23. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from is representative of五、 写结尾（3）不该有实质性的内容，主要为归纳，建议：指出原论者未

22、能完全有效地支持自己的结论，指出原论者可以从正文攻击的几个方面加强原论证In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between and, to strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that, to better evaluate the argument,To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in th

23、e analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strength the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make

24、 it logically acceptable the arguer would have to demonstrate that. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of. To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts to demonstrate that.

25、 To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerningIn summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of

26、 the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that六、 检查（3）There are risks and costs to a program of action. But they are far less than the long range risks and costs of comfortable inaction.（John F. Kennedy）Unless a person undertakes more than he possibly can do, he will never d

27、o all he can do.Aim high! Be brave and take the challenge. ISSUE 的写法1. Issue文章是有争议的问题而且没有标准答案，可以发挥主观能动性2. 3. 二选一，有选择的可能性。写作时间45分钟论证有力 要有论点，第一段表明立场1. 立场清楚2. 结构完整：思路清楚,正文部分提炼出几个相对独立的理由3. 正文段落里有证据出现4. 语言水平的提高Issue 备考的策略1. 熟悉题库2. 准备并背诵每道题的提纲：结合时候可以举出充分的理由来选择所取的立场，而理由是有充分证据的，可以写成段落的；多读；找到合适的观点 （reading m

28、akes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man）3. 掌握论证技巧和写作的套路4. 限定时间训练与不限定时间训练结合：开始用不限定时间训练，注意提高质量与速度，考前用限定时间训练，并且两篇作文一起写5. 背诵相关的段落或文章Issue的典型立场1. 赞成2. 反对3. 有保留地赞同4. 有保留地反对5. Refuse to take sidesIssue 文章的典型结构1. 归纳式针对完全赞同和完全反对立场的文章直线式的单方面列举理由2. 让步式针对保留意见既要以主要篇幅提出自己的理由，同时又要对对方的理由做出适当的尊

29、重，承认，接受3. 反驳式Many people may sincerely believe thatHowever, one does not have to go very far to see thatSome people may also take for granted thatYet, careful examination would review thatAnother misconception that many people may hold is thatBut what they fail to notice is that开头的技巧（表明立场的方式：倾向性表态；不

30、仅表态，而且概述自己的基本理由；开头不宜太大）基本思路：1. 背景描述+论点：background description + position2. ：stating conflicting views + position3. Question+（Typical Answer）+ position4. Anecdote+ position5. Restating title statement+ brief comment+ position6. Position+ main reasons实战句型：1. According to the title of the statementThere is every reason for us to support this viewpointAs opposed to this commonly held view, I would argue thatAlthough many people believe that, I insist thatObviously, people will find it almost impossible to come to agreement