新东方网络课堂之GRE作文孙远 课程笔记整理Word文档下载推荐.docx
《新东方网络课堂之GRE作文孙远 课程笔记整理Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新东方网络课堂之GRE作文孙远 课程笔记整理Word文档下载推荐.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![新东方网络课堂之GRE作文孙远 课程笔记整理Word文档下载推荐.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-11/21/c8c06bc2-6088-4dcf-886a-53f46352d171/c8c06bc2-6088-4dcf-886a-53f46352d1711.gif)
作者的论据evidence:
facts,examples,statistics,authorities;
作者的假设assumptions,是作者的一种观点,一种想法,阶段性的结论,小结论(假设是否成立?
)
3.写作要求
例题(Get-AwayAirlines)
首先,赛车行业合适的项目,航空公司是否合适?
赛车和飞机的内部结构不同导致工作性质不同
赛车行业的员工去参加培训到底在多大程度上受益。
只是时间上有先后关系,并不能代表有因果关系
其次,客户的满意度能不能提高是一个值得怀疑的假设:
顾客满意的内容
最后,profits的问题:
利润与市场情形,需求,竞争,成本,客源等有关。
典型逻辑错误问题
1.数据类问题。
调查survey,用数据做证据的问题。
要考虑数据是不是具有代表性,是不是具有典型意义。
为了确保结果具有代表性,通常有三个步骤要考虑
第一步,我们把调查的对象分成几个组成部分。
Group-subgroups
第二步,确定子群在总群中的比例,总群有多大,回应的人有多少
第三步,按照比例随机抽取样品。
具有代表性的representative。
提问的方式:
Whatprocedurewasused?
样本规模,完整性,数据是否重要(说明问题),数据是否模糊
Whatquestionwasasked?
Loadedquestion(暗示性的问题)
平均数的问题,不合适每个人
Beggingthequestion循环论证Fallacyofmissingevidence证据缺失,证据不足
Confusethecorrelationwithcausalrelation相关性混淆为因果性
SweepinggeneralizationFalseanalogy错误类比
Eitherorfallacy非此及彼Afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis
Argument写作步骤
一、快速审题
(2)快速抓住结论和证据、假设
二、写第一段(5)模式化
Inthisargument,thearguerconcludesthat
Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthat
Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthat
Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.
Inthisargument,thearguerrecommendsthat
Tojustifythisclaim,thearguerprovidestheevidencethat
Inaddition,hecitestheresultofarecentstudythat
Acarefulexaminationofthisargumentwouldrevealhowgroundlesstheconclusionis.
Inthisanalysis,thearguerclaimsthat
Tosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguercites
Inaddition,thearguerassumesthat
Thisargumentisunconvincingforseveralcriticalflaws.
Inthisargument,theargueradvocatesthat
Thisrecommendationisbasedontheobservationthat
Meanwhile,thearguerassumes
Theconclusioninthisargumentisthat
Insupportofthisprediction,thearguerclaimsthat
Moreover,thearguerassumesthatthisattempthasthreebenefits
Thisargumentisfraughtwithvague,oversimplifiedandunwarrantedassumptions.
1.在归纳原论证信息的时候尽可能用自己的词汇和句式
2.关键核心的词汇可以保留。
复述信息要准确,客观
3.注意动词的时态:
分析性的词汇,对于原论者的指责,批驳是一般现在时。
这篇文章的主体时态是一般现在时;
如果是复述原文的证据要保留原文中的时态。
第一句指出原论证的结论
第二、三句指出原论证的论据或假设。
完整,忠实的复述原论据,假设;
抓住原论证的主要论据和主要假设;
只谈论据,或者只谈假设。
第四句表明自己对原论证的判断。
三、写正文提纲(3)
先写出正文每段的TS,确保大局。
四、写正文(14)
把TS展开成一个段落。
段与段之间空一行,每一段顶格写。
1.段落数量的问题:
2-4段,原则是一个逻辑错误用一个段落,逻辑错误只有两个,还有一些小问题,就把小问题放到一段里。
2.正文的每一段开头必须有一个TS,指出这一段要攻击的问题:
A.Inthefirstplace,
Inthesecondplace,
Lastbutnotleast;
B.themajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat,
Anotherflawthatweakensthisargumentisthat,
Inaddition,thearguerignoresseveralotherfactorsthatmightunderminetheargument.
TSpatternsforargumentessay
1.Theargumentrestson(dependson)thegratuitous/unreasonableassumptionthat
2.ThearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB
3.Themajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat
4.Thearguerunfairlyassumesthat
5.Thearguer’sconclusiondependsonthequestionableassumptionthat
6.Thearguerfailstotakeintoaccount(consider/explain)otherpossiblereasonswhy
7.Thearguerfailstoprovideanyevidencethat/informationconcerning
8.Anotherpointworthconsideringisthat
9.Thereasoningthatisopentodoubt(problematic/questionable/unconvincing/unfounded/unwarranted)
10.AnotherassumptioninshortoflegitimacyisthecausalrelationshipclaimedbetweenAandB
11.Thearguerignoresotherrelevantfactorsconcerning
12.Theargueroversimplifies
13.Theargueroveremphasizestheimportanceof
14.Theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandprobablymisleading
15.Theconclusionlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.
16.Thearguercommitsthefallacyof
17.Thefactthatsayslittle/nothingabout
18.Thefactthatdoesnotensurethat/lendsnostrongsupportto
19.Thearguerfailstoconvinceusthat
20.Theevidenceprovidedinthisargumentisnotsufficienttovalidatetheassumptionthat
21.Thestatisticalevidence/theresultofthesurveyuponwhichtheargumentreliesistoovaguetobeinformative.
22.Itmakesnosensethat
攻击的方法
1.例证法。
用反面的例子来攻击对方的推理
2.假设法。
If,evenif,grantedthat,wecannotensurethat,onlywhen,unless,inthis/thatcase,evenso
3.推测。
Itispossiblethat,itisequallypossiblethat;
Itislikelythat,itisalsolikelythat;
possibly,may,might
正文写作要有一些比较漂亮的分析性句型:
1.Theargumentsimplyequatessthwithsth,whichisunwarranted
2.Themerefactthatisinsufficientevidencetoconcludethat
3.Theargumentfailstoruleoutthepossibilitythatengagesinaswellas
4.Commonsensetellsusthat
5.Consequently,themerefactthatdoesnotsupporttheclaimthat
6.Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,itisequallypossiblethat
7.Onecaninferfromthesurvey’sresultthat
8.Ifso,eventhough,theauthor’sargumentthatwouldbeseriouslyweakened.
9.Inaddition,whileitistruethat,thisisnottrueof
10.Consequently,unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethat,thearguer’sconcernabouttheseissuesisunfounded.
11.Thearguerignoresotherlikelybenefitsthataffect
12.However,unless,thereisagoodchancethat
13.Withoutsuchevidence,wecannotacceptthearguer’sconclusionthat
14.Finally,theauthorunfairlytrivializesby
15.Comprehensiveanalysisisnecessarytoidentifytheactualcausesof
16.Thestatisticsofferedwarrantsonlytheconclusionthat
17.Therefore,anydecisionaimedataddressingtheproblemmustbebasedonmorethoroughinvestigationtogathersufficientdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcausesoftheproblem
18.Fromthesurveyquotedintheargument,however,wefindnosignofsuchproceduresforrandomsampling,andhavegoodreasontodoubtifthesampleisrepresentativeenoughtoreflectasawhole
19.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegenerationtheyareusedtosupport,sothathistoricalchangeswillnotinvalidatethegeneralization
20.Thefactthatdoesnotnecessarilyimplythat
21.Butwearetoldnothingaboutthewaythepollwasconductedandhowwellitrepresented
22.Buttheproblemisthatthetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustifytheanalogicaldeduction
23.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthesetrends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasontobelievethatthedatadrawnfromisrepresentativeof
五、写结尾(3)
不该有实质性的内容,主要为归纳,建议:
指出原论者未能完全有效地支持自己的结论,指出原论者可以从正文攻击的几个方面加强原论证
Inconclusion,thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenand,tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovideevidencethat,tobetterevaluatetheargument,
Tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengththeargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerningthepercentage.Tobetterevaluatetheargument,wewouldneedmoreinformationregarding
Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptablethearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat.Additionally,thearguermustprovideevidencetoruleoutotherpossiblecausesof.
Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Beforeweaccepttheconclusion,thearguermustpresentmorefactstodemonstratethat.Tosolidifytheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoproducemoreevidenceconcerning
Insummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovethat.Moreover,Iwouldsuspendmyjudgmentaboutthecredibilityoftherecommendationuntilthearguercanprovideconcreteevidencethat
六、检查(3)
Therearerisksandcoststoaprogramofaction.Buttheyarefarlessthanthelongrangerisksandcostsofcomfortableinaction.
(JohnF.Kennedy)
Unlessapersonundertakesmorethanhepossiblycando,hewillneverdoallhecando.
Aimhigh!
Bebraveandtakethechallenge.
ISSUE的写法
1.Issue文章是有争议的问题而且没有标准答案,可以发挥主观能动性
2.
3.二选一,有选择的可能性。
写作时间45分钟
论证有力
要有论点,第一段表明立场
1.立场清楚
2.结构完整:
思路清楚,正文部分提炼出几个相对独立的理由
3.正文段落里有证据出现
4.语言水平的提高
Issue备考的策略
1.熟悉题库
2.准备并背诵每道题的提纲:
结合时候可以举出充分的理由来选择所取的立场,而理由是有充分证据的,可以写成段落的;
多读;
找到合适的观点(readingmakesafullman;
conferenceareadyman;
writinganexactman)
3.掌握论证技巧和写作的套路
4.限定时间训练与不限定时间训练结合:
开始用不限定时间训练,注意提高质量与速度,考前用限定时间训练,并且两篇作文一起写
5.背诵相关的段落或文章
Issue的典型立场
1.赞成
2.反对
3.有保留地赞同
4.有保留地反对
5.Refusetotakesides
Issue文章的典型结构
1.归纳式
针对完全赞同和完全反对立场的文章
直线式的单方面列举理由
2.让步式
针对保留意见
既要以主要篇幅提出自己的理由,同时又要对对方的理由做出适当的尊重,承认,接受
3.反驳式
Manypeoplemaysincerelybelievethat
However,onedoesnothavetogoveryfartoseethat
Somepeoplemayalsotakeforgrantedthat
Yet,carefulexaminationwouldreviewthat
Anothermisconceptionthatmanypeoplemayholdisthat
Butwhattheyfailtonoticeisthat
开头的技巧(表明立场的方式:
倾向性表态;
不仅表态,而且概述自己的基本理由;
开头不宜太大)
基本思路:
1.背景描述+论点:
backgrounddescription+position
2.:
statingconflictingviews+position
3.Question+(TypicalAnswer)+position
4.Anecdote+position
5.Restatingtitlestatement+briefcomment+position
6.Position+mainreasons
实战句型:
1.Accordingtothetitleofthestatement
Thereiseveryreasonforustosupportthisviewpoint
Asopposedtothiscommonlyheldview,Iwouldarguethat
Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat,Iinsistthat
Obviously,peoplewillfinditalmostimpossibletocometoagreement