语言学Word文件下载.docx

1、 the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being description of a language in its current existence and most linguistic studies are of this type .A diachronic study of a language is a historical study .it studies t

2、he historical development of language over a period of time.2. ParoleParole: parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Parole varies f

3、rom person to person, and from situation to situation. In Saussures opinion, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation.3. CompetenceCompetence is defined as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.4. Competence and performanceCo

4、mpetence is defined as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language and performance is defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. A speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely la

5、rge number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors.5. Language（1） Language is a system of ar

6、bitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First of all, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is s

7、ound.The term “human ” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human-specific.6. ArbitrarinessArbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.We should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary; certain words

8、are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But, non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.7

9、. ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.8. DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its

10、users to talk about anything within their knowledge.9. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations

11、 of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.10. Culture transmission 11. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis ,we were all born with the ability to acuquire language ,the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned

12、.Chapter 21. PhoneticsPhonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.2. Vowels and consonantsVowels are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips.2.

13、PhonologyPhonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonology is concerned with the sound system of a particular language.1和2联系Both phonology and phonetic are concerned with the same aspect of l

14、anguage _the speech sounds,3. Minimal pairsWhen two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. Chapter 31. MorphologyMorphology refers to the part of the grammar

15、 that is concerned with word formation and word structure.2. MorphemesMorphemes are the minimal units of meaning.3. Free morpheme A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.Chapter 51 The naming theory one of the oldest notions concerning meaning,and also the most primitive one,the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for,so words are just names or labels for things.2conceptualist view .There is no direct link between a linguistic from and what it refer to ,rather ,in the interpretation