剑桥雅思8第三套试题阅读部分PASSAGE3Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The biological clockii Why dying is beneficialiii The ageing process of men and womeniv Prolo

2、nging your lifev Limitations of life spanvi Modes of development of different speciesvii A stable life span despite improvementsviii Energy consumptionix Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organismsx Repair of genetic materialExample AnswerParagraph A v27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Pa

3、ragraph D30 Paragraph E31 Paragraph F32 Paragraph GHOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?A Our life span is restricted. Everyone accepts this as biologically obvious. Nothing lives for ever! However, in this statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to

4、 natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some time or other the object stops working and is unusable （death in the biological sense. But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?B Our dea

5、d products are static, closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes older. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law hold

6、s for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself itcould actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously flows. Destruction o

7、f old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new, just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which

8、the water molecules are always different.C Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then deat

9、h are basic characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new types. Because of changes in the genetic material （mutations these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they

10、are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system - it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.D Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in life s

11、pan between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition,

12、 the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms age lies between a few days （even a few hours for unicellular organisms and several thousand years, as with mammoth trees.E If

13、 a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like the life span, the me

14、tabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass. In comparison to the life span this relationship is inverted: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on average within

15、the systematic unit, for all other organisms （plants, animals, unicellular organisms.F Animals which behave frugally with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up. Thus they are not able to experience life and so they attain a high life span in captivity. Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy （e. g. bats or hedgehogs live much longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduce