课件平狄克《微观经济学》第七版PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

1、Fernando&#Yvonn QuijanoPrepared by:#Preliminaries1C H A P T E RCopyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.Chapter 1:#Preliminaries2 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.CHAP

2、TER 1 OUTLINE1.1 The Themes of Microeconomics1.2 What Is a Market?#1.3 Real versus Nominal Prices1.4 Why Study Microeconomics?#Chapter 1:#Preliminaries3 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.Preliminariesmicroeconomics Branch of eco

3、nomics that deals with the behavior of individual economic unitsconsumers,firms,workers,and investorsas well as the markets that these units comprise.macroeconomics Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables,such as the level and growth rate of national output,interest rates,un

4、employment,and inflation.Chapter 1:#Preliminaries4 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS1.1Trade-OffsConsumersWorkersFirmsConsumers have limited incomes,which can be spent on a wide variety of goods and

5、services,or saved for the future.Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs.First,people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce.Second,workers face trade-offs in their choice ofemployment.Finally,workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work,thereby trad

6、ing off labor for leisure.Firms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce,and the resources available to produce them.Chapter 1:#Preliminaries5 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.1Prices and Marke

7、tsMicroeconomics describes how prices are determined.In a centrally planned economy,prices are set by the government.In a market economy,prices are determined by the interactions of consumers,workers,and firms.These interactions occur in marketscollections of buyers and sellers that together determi

8、ne the price of a good.THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICSChapter 1:#Preliminaries6 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.1Theories and ModelsIn economics,explanation and prediction are based on theories.Theories are developed to explain

9、 observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.A model is a mathematical representation,based on economic theory,of a firm,a market,or some other entity.Positive versus Normative Analysispositive analysis Analysis describing relationships of cause and effect.normative analysis

10、Analysis examining questions of what ought to be.THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICSChapter 1:#Preliminaries7 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.WHAT IS A MARKET?#1.2market Collection of buyers and sellers that,through their actual or p

11、otential interactions,determine the price of a product or set of products.market definition Determination of the buyers,sellers,and range of products that should be included in a particular market.arbitrage Practice of buying at a low price at one location and selling at a higher price in another.Ch

12、apter 1:#Preliminaries8 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.2Competitive versus Noncompetitive MarketsMarket Priceperfectly competitive market Market with many buyers and sellers,so that no single buyer or seller has a significa

13、nt impact on price.market price Price prevailing in a competitive market.WHAT IS A MARKET?#Chapter 1:#Preliminaries9 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.2Market DefinitionThe Extent of a Marketextent of a market Boundaries of a

14、market,both geographical and in terms of range of products produced and sold within it.Market definition is important for two reasons:#A company must understand who its actual and potential competitors are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.Market definition can be im

15、portant for public policy decisions.WHAT IS A MARKET?#Chapter 1:#Preliminaries10 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.2Markets are usually defined in terms of therapeutic classes of drugs.For example,there is a market for antiulc

16、er drugs that is very clearly defined.Sometimes,however,pharmaceutical market boundaries are more ambiguous,like painkillers.There are many types of painkillers,and some work better than others for certain types of pain.WHAT IS A MARKET?#Chapter 1:#Preliminaries11 of 18Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.1.2In 1990,the Archer-Daniels-Midland Company（ADM）acquired the Clinton Corn Processing Company（CCP）.The U.S.Department of Justice（DOJ）challenged the