医学英语写作与翻译-材料与方法PPT文件格式下载.ppt

1、材料与方法材料与方法1.How to write the materials and methods section2.Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Materials and Methods section Write most of the section in the past tense.Organize it in chronological order.Construct subheadings that correspond to those to be used in the Results section.Be

2、precise and concise.Study Subjects Present inclusion and exlcusino criteria for selecting the subjects studied.Give details of all relevant characteristics of the study subjects and of any control subjects.Give details of informed consent procedures if human subjects are involved.Materials Give exac

3、t technical specifications of the materials used.Do not use proprietary（专专卖卖的的，专专利利的的）names unless the properties of a particular proprietary product were important to the experiment.Give the genus5dVi:#nEs5dVi:#nEs（种种,类类）,species and strain of any animals,plants,etc.used in the study.Methods Descri

4、be what you did.Give sufficient detail to permit other research workers in the field to replicate your work.Describe statistical methods.Mention a well established method by name,or by giving an appropriate reference.材料与方法材料与方法 Read the following example Materials and Methods section and familiarize

5、 yourself with the layout:#MethodsPatients Thirty-six consecutive patients underwent heart transplantation by the midatrial-cuff technique between August 1992 and June1993.Nine patients were not enrolled in the study;#five patients had multiple medical limitations after prolonged hospitalization,and

6、 four patients declined to participate.Within two weeks after transplantation,informed consent was obtained from the remaining 27 patients,who were randomly assigned（by selection of sealed envelopes）either to a gropu that participated in an exercise training program in an outpatient cardiac-rehabili

7、tation setting（exercise group,14 patients）or to a control group（13 patients）.The control group received written guidelines for exercise but participated in no formal,supervised exercise sessions after discharge from the hospital.材料与方法材料与方法 All the patitents were treated with triple-drug immunosuppre

8、ssion,including cyclosporine,（环孢霉素环孢霉素）azathioprine（硝基硝基）咪唑硫嘌呤咪唑硫嘌呤）,and prednisone.The dosage of prednisone was initially 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day,given in divided doses,and was gradually decreased to 0.1mg per kilogram per day by six months after transplantation.Episodes of cardiac

9、 rejection were treated with an oral bolus（大大药丸药丸）dose of prednisone and then tapered（逐渐减少逐渐减少）doses and,for clinically severe rejection,with OKT3 murine monoclonal antibody（muromonab-CD3）.Episodes of rejecitn and infection were recorded,and blood pressure,renal function,and weight gain evaluated in

10、 both groups of patients during the study.Cardiac function was assessed with echocardiography and right-heart catheterization at base line dn at a six-month follow-up examination.材料与方法材料与方法Exercise Program At the time of entry into the structured,six-month program of rehabilitative exercise,patients

11、 in the exercise group were evaluated by a physical therapist for overall muscle strength,joint flexibility,and aerobic endurance.On the basis of these findings,a supervised program of exercise was developed by the therapist according to each patients specific needs.Strengthening exercises consisted

12、 primarily of closed-chain resistive activities（e.g.,bridging lifting of hips with knees flexed in a supine position,half-squats,and toe raises）and abdominal exercises（curl-ups and pelvic tilts）.Flexibility exercises,which emphasized chest expansion and thoracic mobility,included side stretches,trun

13、k twists,scapula squeezes,and shoulder rolls.Aerobic exercises consisted of walking on a motorized treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer（Cybex,Ronkonkoma,N.Y.）,as well as arm movemnts on an ergometer（Cybex）.The duration and intensity of aerobic-exercise sessions were increased to meet the pat

14、ients tolerance,with a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous exercise at a moderate intensity.材料与方法材料与方法 Patients initially visited the cardiac-rehabilitation clinic one to three weekly（some were unable to attend more than once each week because of transportation difficulties）and receive specifi

15、c instructions for exercising at home.The frequency of cardiac rehabilitation sessions was gradually reduced to one every two weeks as patients became more independently involved in their home exercise programs.Patients who had rejection were instructed not to exercise until a follow-up endomyocardi

16、al biopsy showed resolution of rejection,which usually required two weeks.材料与方法材料与方法 Measurements Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing All the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test that is routinely administered in our laboratory within one month after cardiac transplantation and again six months after transplantation.Cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests were conducted by bicycle ergometry.During testing,the electrocardiogram was monitored continuously and the blood pressure was mea