心理学专业英语总结 完整Word文档格式.docx

1、 Approaches to psychology 心理学入门 What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: philosophy, biology physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History （develop）: str

2、ucturalism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental di

3、sorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study （method）, free association （tech）, dre

4、am analysis （tech）. 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 The behaviourist approach to psychology 行

5、为主义理论 John Watson, empiricism, learning.华生，经验主义，学习 behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常 The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义理论 conscious free wil

6、l, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the in

7、dividual case, studied in their environmental context.假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常 The cognitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论Origins and history: computer, information processors,

8、internal mental processes.计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。 Jerome Bruner*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development. 记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展*Practical applications: memory, education, therapy, personality assessment.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评 The biological

9、approach to psychology 生理心理学Roger Sperry 罗杰斯佩里*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.功能定位说，治疗 The reductionism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论1. Reductionism 还原论 exp

10、laining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象Against: oversimplification value of explanation validity of reductionism.反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值（细节/有用性），效度 2. Holism & Interactionism 整体论（与互动论） the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

11、. 假设：整体优于部分*Examples: humanistic psychology, social psychology, psychoanalysis, abnormal psychology, perception. 例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉 practical difficulty, ignore the huge influence of biology, lack the predictive power.难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力 The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争1. Nature 先天遗传决定

12、论Approach: roots of the approach（nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory） 理论根源 causes of behaviour（genetic determinism, inherited influence, maturational blueprint, neurochemical and hormonal influences, brain activity） （基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。） methods （gene mapping, twin/adoption st

13、udy, brain scanning, brain stimulation/damage study, drug test） implications （behaviour can only be changed through physical means） 启示 criticisms （reductionist, neglect environmental influences） 过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响2. Nurture 后天环境决定论 roots （empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology） 经验主义哲学、

14、行为、社会 causes of behaviour（blank slate at birth, experience, learning from environment） 源于经验和环境学习 methods （classical and operant conditioning techniques, manipulation of social environment） 研究方法（经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境） implications （Anybody could be trained to do anything） 启示 criticisms （reductionist, neglect innate influences） 过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用3. Both perception, aggression, sex-role behaviour, abnormality, language acquisition.知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得