地铁与城市发展外文文献翻译中英文最新Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：地铁与城市发展外文翻译 2019文献出处：Marco Navarro, Matthew Turner. Journal of Urban Economics, Volume 108, November 2018, Pages 85-106译文字数：4500 多字英文Subways and urban growth: Evidence from earth Marco Navarro，Matthew TurnerAbstractWe investigate the relationship between the extent of a citys subway ne

2、twork, its population and its spatial configuration. For the 632 largest cities in the world we construct panel data describing population, measures of centralization calculated from lights at night data, and the extent of each of the 138 subway systems in these cities. These data indicate that larg

3、e cities are more likely to have subways but that subways have an economically insignificant effect on urban population growth. Our data also indicate that subways cause cities to decentralize, although the effect is smaller than previously documented effects of highways on decentralization. For a s

4、ubset of subway cities we observe panel data describing subway and bus ridership. For those cities we find that a 10% increase in subway extent causes about a 6% increase in subway ridership and has no effect on bus ridership.Keywords：Subways，Public transit，Urban growth，Urbandecentralization1. Intro

5、ductionWe investigate the relationship between the extent of a citys subway network and its population, transit ridership and spatialconfiguration. To accomplish this investigation, for the 632 largest cities in the world we construct panel data describing population, total light, measures of centra

6、lization calculated from lights at night data, and the extent of each of the 138 subway systems in these cities. For a subset of these subway cities we also assemble panel data describing bus and subway ridership.These data suggest the following conclusions. First, while large cities are more likely

7、 to have subways, subways have a precisely estimated near zero effect on urban population growth. Second, subways cause cities to decentralize, although this effect appears to be small relative to the decentralization caused by radial highways. Third, a 10% increase in subway extent leads to about a

8、 6% increase in subway ridership and does not affect bus ridership. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that only a small fraction of ridership increases can be accounted for by decentralized commuters. Together with the fact that little new ridership can be attributed to population growth,

9、this suggests that most new ridership derives from substitution from other modes of travel towards subways.Subway construction and expansion projects range from merely expensive to truly breathtaking. Among the 16 subway systems examined by Baum-Snow and Kahn （2005）, construction costs range from ab

10、out 25 million to 550 million USD2005 per km. On the basis of the mid-point ofthis range, 287 million per km, construction costs for the current stock are about 3 trillion dollars. These costs are high enough that subway projects generally require large subsidies. To justify these subsidies, propone

11、nts often assert the ability of a subway system to encourage urban growth.1 Our data allow the first estimates of the relationship between subways and urban growth. That subways appear to have almost zero effect on urban growth suggests that the evaluation of prospective subway projects should rely

12、less on the ability of subways to promote growth and more on the demand for mobility. Our data also allow the first panel data estimates of the impact of changes in system extent on ridership and therefore also make an important contribution to such evaluations.Understanding the effect of subways on

13、 cities is also important to policy makers interested in the process of urbanization in the developing world. Over the coming decades, we expect an enormous migration of rural population towards major urban areas, and with it demands for urban infrastructure that exceed the ability of local and nati

14、onal governments to supply it. In order to assess trade-offs between different types of infrastructure in these cities, understanding the implications of each for welfare is clearly important. Since people move to more attractive places and away from less attractive ones （broadly defined）, our inves

15、tigation of the relationship between subways and population growth will help to inform these decisions. In particular, if the objective ofpolicymakers is to increase a citys population or to decentralize economic activity, highways seem more promising. On the other hand, in a related companion paper, Gendron-Carrier et al. （2017）show that if the objective is to reduce pollution, then subways can be effective.Finally, an active academi