7消费者生产者与生产效率英文版PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

1、What is producer surplus（生产者剩余）?How is it related to the supply curve?Do markets produce a desirable allocation of resources（市场配置资源的合意配置）?Or could the market outcome be improved upon?1Some normative questionsThe consumers hope for a lower price all the time,and the producers hope for a higher price.

2、Should the price be lower or higher?What is the“good”price?What is the proper way to use the resource?Who should consume more goods?Is clearance（出清）the best result of market?What is the value of the market?CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS2CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MA

3、RKETS3Is market economy good?The allocation of resources（资源配置）refers to:how much of each good is producedwhich producers produce itwhich consumers consume itIn market economies,the forces of supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services and the quantities sold.The market could clear b

4、y itself,but is it a good result?CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS4Welfare Economics 福利经济学福利经济学Welfare economics studies how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being（经济福利）.What benefits do the buyers and sellers get from taking part in a market?What are the total benef

5、its of the market?How society can make these benefits as large as possible?A profound conclusion:The equilibrium of supply and demand in a market maximizes the total benefits received by buyers and sellers.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS5Willingness to Pay and Value 买者的支付意愿和价值买者的支付

6、意愿和价值A buyers willingness to pay（WTP）for a good is the maximum amount the buyer will pay for that good.WTP measures how much the buyer values the good.nameWTPAnthony安东尼$250Chad 查德175Flea300John125Example:4 buyers WTP for an iPodCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS6WTP and the Demand Cur

7、veQ:If price of iPod is$200,who will buy an iPod,and what is quantity demanded?A:Anthony&Flea will buy an iPod,Chad&John will not.Hence,Qd=2 when P=$200.nameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS7WTP and the Demand CurveDerive the demand schedule:4John,C

8、had,Anthony,Flea 0 1253Chad,Anthony,Flea126 1752Anthony,Flea176 2501Flea251 3000nobody$301&upQdwho buysP（price of iPod）nameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS8WTP and the Demand CurvePQd$301&up0251 3001176 2502126 1753 0 1254PQCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND

9、THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS9About the Staircase ShapeThis D curve looks like a staircase with 4 steps one per buyer.PQIf there were a huge#of buyers,as in a competitive market,there would be a huge#of very tiny steps,and it would look more like a smooth curve.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF

10、MARKETS10WTP and the Demand CurveAt any Q,the height of the D curve is the WTP of the marginal buyer 边际购买者边际购买者 the buyer who would leave the market if P were any higher.PQFleas WTPAnthonys WTPChads WTPJohns WTPCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS11Consumer Surplus（CS）消费者剩余消费者剩余 Consume

11、r surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays:CS =WTP PnameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125Suppose P=$260.Fleas CS=$300 260=$40.The others get no CS because they do not buy an iPod at this price.Total CS=$40.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MA

12、RKETS12CS and the Demand CurvePQFleas WTPP=$260 Fleas CS=$300 260=$40Total CS=$40CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS13CS and the Demand CurvePQFleas WTPAnthonys WTPInstead,suppose P=$220 Fleas CS=$300 220=$80Anthonys CS=$250 220=$30Total CS=$110CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF

13、 MARKETS14CS and the Demand CurvePQThe lesson:Total CS equals the area under the demand curve above the price,from 0 to Q.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS15PQ$CS with Lots of Buyers&a Smooth D CurveThe demand for shoesD1000s of pairs of shoesPrice per pairAt Q=5（thousand）,the margin

14、al buyer is willing to pay$50 for pair of shoes.Suppose P=$30.Then his consumer surplus=$20.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS16PQCS with Lots of Buyers&a Smooth D CurveThe demand for shoesDCS is the area b/w P and the D curve,from 0 to Q.Recall:area of a triangle equals x base x heig

15、htHeight=$60 30=$30.So,CS=x 15 x$30 =$225.h$CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS17PQHow a Higher Price Reduces CSDIf P rises to$40,CS=x 10 x$20 =$100.Two reasons for the fall in CS.1.Fall in CS due to buyers leaving market2.Fall in CS due to remaining buyers paying higher P Some notes on CSThe CS equals to WTP minus the actual pay.it measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.消费者剩余，即买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减他们实际支付的量，衡量了消费者从一种物品中得到的买者自己感觉到的利益。CS is a good measure if preferences of buyers should be respected all the time.CON