7消费者生产者与生产效率英文版PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

7消费者生产者与生产效率英文版PPT课件下载推荐.ppt

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Whatisproducersurplus（生产者剩余）?

Howisitrelatedtothesupplycurve?

Domarketsproduceadesirableallocationofresources（市场配置资源的合意配置）?

Orcouldthemarketoutcomebeimprovedupon?

1SomenormativequestionsTheconsumershopeforalowerpriceallthetime,andtheproducershopeforahigherprice.Shouldthepricebelowerorhigher?

Whatisthe“good”price?

Whatistheproperwaytousetheresource?

Whoshouldconsumemoregoods?

Isclearance（出清）thebestresultofmarket?

Whatisthevalueofthemarket?

CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS2CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS3Ismarketeconomygood?

Theallocationofresources（资源配置）refersto:

howmuchofeachgoodisproducedwhichproducersproduceitwhichconsumersconsumeitInmarketeconomies,theforcesofsupplyanddemanddeterminethepricesofgoodsandservicesandthequantitiessold.Themarketcouldclearbyitself,butisitagoodresult?

CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS4WelfareEconomics福利经济学福利经济学Welfareeconomicsstudieshowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being（经济福利）.Whatbenefitsdothebuyersandsellersgetfromtakingpartinamarket?

Whatarethetotalbenefitsofthemarket?

Howsocietycanmakethesebenefitsaslargeaspossible?

Aprofoundconclusion:

Theequilibriumofsupplyanddemandinamarketmaximizesthetotalbenefitsreceivedbybuyersandsellers.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS5WillingnesstoPayandValue买者的支付意愿和价值买者的支付意愿和价值Abuyerswillingnesstopay（WTP）foragoodisthemaximumamountthebuyerwillpayforthatgood.WTPmeasureshowmuchthebuyervaluesthegood.nameWTPAnthony安东尼$250Chad查德175Flea300John125Example:

4buyersWTPforaniPodCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS6WTPandtheDemandCurveQ:

IfpriceofiPodis$200,whowillbuyaniPod,andwhatisquantitydemanded?

A:

Anthony&

FleawillbuyaniPod,Chad&

Johnwillnot.Hence,Qd=2whenP=$200.nameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS7WTPandtheDemandCurveDerivethedemandschedule:

4John,Chad,Anthony,Flea01253Chad,Anthony,Flea1261752Anthony,Flea1762501Flea2513000nobody$301&

upQdwhobuysP（priceofiPod）nameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS8WTPandtheDemandCurvePQd$301&

up025130011762502126175301254PQCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS9AbouttheStaircaseShapeThisDcurvelookslikeastaircasewith4stepsoneperbuyer.PQIftherewereahuge#ofbuyers,asinacompetitivemarket,therewouldbeahuge#ofverytinysteps,anditwouldlookmorelikeasmoothcurve.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS10WTPandtheDemandCurveAtanyQ,theheightoftheDcurveistheWTPofthemarginalbuyer边际购买者边际购买者thebuyerwhowouldleavethemarketifPwereanyhigher.PQFleasWTPAnthonysWTPChadsWTPJohnsWTPCONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS11ConsumerSurplus（CS）消费者剩余消费者剩余Consumersurplusistheamountabuyeriswillingtopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays:

CS=WTPPnameWTPAnthony$250Chad175Flea300John125SupposeP=$260.FleasCS=$300260=$40.TheothersgetnoCSbecausetheydonotbuyaniPodatthisprice.TotalCS=$40.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS12CSandtheDemandCurvePQFleasWTPP=$260FleasCS=$300260=$40TotalCS=$40CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS13CSandtheDemandCurvePQFleasWTPAnthonysWTPInstead,supposeP=$220FleasCS=$300220=$80AnthonysCS=$250220=$30TotalCS=$110CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS14CSandtheDemandCurvePQThelesson:

TotalCSequalstheareaunderthedemandcurveabovetheprice,from0toQ.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS15PQ$CSwithLotsofBuyers&

aSmoothDCurveThedemandforshoesD1000sofpairsofshoesPriceperpairAtQ=5（thousand）,themarginalbuyeriswillingtopay$50forpairofshoes.SupposeP=$30.Thenhisconsumersurplus=$20.CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS16PQCSwithLotsofBuyers&

aSmoothDCurveThedemandforshoesDCSistheareab/wPandtheDcurve,from0toQ.Recall:

areaofatriangleequalsxbasexheightHeight=$6030=$30.So,CS=x15x$30=$225.h$CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS17PQHowaHigherPriceReducesCSDIfPrisesto$40,CS=x10x$20=$100.TworeasonsforthefallinCS.1.FallinCSduetobuyersleavingmarket2.FallinCSduetoremainingbuyerspayinghigherPSomenotesonCSTheCSequalstoWTPminustheactualpay.itmeasuresthebenefitthatbuyersreceivefromagoodasthebuyersthemselvesperceiveit.消费者剩余，即买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减他们实际支付的量，衡量了消费者从一种物品中得到的买者自己感觉到的利益。

CSisagoodmeasureifpreferencesofbuyersshouldberespectedallthetime.CON