the two CultureszouWord文件下载.docx

1、斯诺（Charles Percy Snow，19051980）是英国小说家、科学家和教育家。他的作品可分为4类：小说，其中以陌生人和兄弟们最为著名。报告文集，如两种文化与科学革命、公共事务等评论，有英国现实主义小说等。戏剧，如：家庭聚会。选文内容在选文中，斯诺对“两种文化”的观念做了详细的阐述。他认为西方社会已丧失了共同文化。随着科学的发展，自然科学和人文科学日益分化，形成两种日益对立的文化。两种文化缺乏共同的基础，彼此难以沟通。这种情况会对政府决策产生不良影响，给人民和社会造成不应有的损失。为此他提出警告，呼吁两种文化加强合作，以促进社会的发展。斯诺也进一步澄清了他对“个人处境”（the i

2、ndividual condition）与“社会处境”（the social condition）的看法，并指出，人们不能因为“个人处境”的悲剧性而对“社会处境”中出现的问题，如贫困、落后、饥馑等无所作为。他认为解决这些问题的出路在于科学革命，西方国家人民负有义不容辞的责任帮助发展中国家尽早实现科学革命，从根本上摆脱贫困，消除东西方国家之间的贫富差距。斯诺呼吁进行教育改革，培养大批通晓两种文化的人才，使之肩负起帮助人类消灭贫困的责任。1. In our society （that is，advanced western society）we have lost even the pretenc

3、e of a common culture. Persons educated with the greatest intensity we know can no longer communicate with each other on the plane of their major intellectual concern. This is serious for our creative，intellectual and, above all, our normal lifeIt is leading us to interpret the past wrongly misjudge

4、 the present, and to deny our hopes of the future. It is making it difficult or impossible for us to take good action 在我们的社会（即先进的西方社会）里，我们甚至已失去了普通文化的伪装。那些受过我们所知的最强化教育的人已不再能就他们主要关心的知识问题互相交流。这对于我们的创造性，知识，并且最为重要的是对于我们的正常生活来说，是很严重的问题。它会使我们走向对过去的错误解释，对现在的错误判断，和对未来的不抱希望。它使我们艰难或不可能去采取好的行动。2. I gave the mos

5、t pointed example of this lack of communication in the shape of two groups of people, representing what I have christened the two cultures. One of these contained the scientists, whose weight，achievement and influence did not need stressingThe other contained the literary intellectuals. I did not me

6、an that literary intellectuals act as the main decision- makers of the western worldI meant that literary intellectuals represent, vocalise, and to some extent shape and predict the mood of the non-scientific culture：they do not make decisions, but their words seep into the minds of those who do. Be

7、tween these two groupsthe scientists and the literary intellectualsthere is little communication and，instead of fellow-feeling, something like hostility. This was intended as a description of, or a very crude first approximation to, our existing state of affairs. That it was a state of affairs I pas

8、sionately disliked, I thought was made fairly clear. 关于这种交流的缺失，我以两组人的形式给出了最有针对性的例子，他们代表我最先提出的“两种文化”。其中之一包括科学家，其重要性，成就和影响无需强调。另外一组包括文学知识分子。我不是说文学知识分子作为西方社会的主要决策者。我的意思是，文学知识分子代表，表达并在某种程度上形成和预见了非科学文化的情绪。他们并不作决定，但是他们的话渗入到那些做决定的人的思想中。在这两组人之间，即科学家和文学知识分子，很少有交流，并且非但没有好感还有敌意。 3. To finish this prcis. There

9、is, of course, no complete solution. In the conditions of our age, or any age which we can foresee, Renaissance man is not possible. But we can do something. The chief means open to us is educationeducation mainly in primary and secondary schools, but also in colleges and universities. There is no e

10、xcuse for letting another generation be as vastly ignorant, or as devoid of understanding and sympathy, as we are ourselves. 现在结束这篇概要。当然没有彻底的解决方案。在我们当今的条件下，或者任何我们可以预见的年代，文艺复兴式的人不可能再有了。但我们还是可以做些事。我们首先能做的是教育，主要是小学和中学教育，但也包括大学教育。没有理由让下一代普遍无知，或者像我们一样缺乏理解力和同情心。4. From the beginning, the phrase “the two c

11、ultures” evoked some protests. The word “culture” or “cultures” has been objected to: so, with much more substance, has the number two. （No one, I think, has yet complained about the definite article.） 从一开始“两种文化”这一短语就引起一些抗议。其中“文化”或“各种文化”这个词遭到反对，数字“二”同样受到理由更为充分的反对（我想还没有人曾对加在前面的定冠词予以抱怨）。5. I must have

12、 a word about these verbal points before I come to the more wide-reaching arguments. The term “culture” in my title has two meanings, both of which are precisely applicable to the theme. First, “culture” has the sense of the dictionary definition, “intellectual development, development of the mind.”

13、 For many years this definition has carried overtones, often of a deep and ambiguous sort. It happens that few of us can help searching for a refined use of the word: if anyone asks, what is culture? Who is cultured? The needle points, by an extraordinary coincidence, in the direction of ourselves.

14、在我进入更广泛的辩论之前，我必须对用词再说一句话。“文化”一词在我的书名中有两层意思，两者都精确地切合主题。第一，“文化”具有词典定义的意思，即“智力的发展，思维的发展”。很多年来，这一定义还附带有其他意思，常常是深奥和模糊的。什么是文化？谁是有文化的？每当偶然被问及这些问题，很少有人会避开而不去寻找这一词的精确使用，异常巧合的是，这些问题锋芒直指我们自己。6. But that, though a pleasing example of human frailty, doesnt matter: what does matter is that any refined definition,

15、 from Coleridge onwards, applies at least as well （and also as imperfectly） to the development a scientist achieves in the course of his professional vocation as to the “traditional” mental development or any of its offshoots. Coleridge said “cultivation” where we should say “culture” and qualified

16、it as “the harmonious development of those qualities and faculties which characterise our humanity.” Well, none of us manages that; in plain truth, either of our cultures, whether literary or scientific, only deserves the name of subculture. “Qualities and faculties which characterise our humanity.” Curiosity about the natural world, the use of symbolic systems of thought