1、成人学士学位语法1成人英语讲义第十三讲(12月15日)语法举要page 197231概述英语语法分:词法和句法英语有两大范畴的词:实义词(名词,动词,形容词,副词,代词,数词)有一定的词汇意义,在句中担任一定的语法作用。如:Professor Jerald Jellison has made a scientific study of lying. 名词(主语) 动词(谓语)冠词 形容词(定语) 名词(宾语)介词结构词(冠词,介词,连接词和感叹词)起结构作用,表示词与词或句子与句子的关系。According to him, women are better liars than men, pa
2、rticularly when telling a white lie, 介词 介词 连词such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really 连词 连词 连词thinks it looks awful.词法研究词在句中的作用,和使用中词的变化规律。句法研究英语句子的类型和结构。英语有五种基本句型。语法1:名词与冠词(讲解198-204,练习363-368)专用名词(John, America, the United America,Nanjing Univers
3、ity专用名词不用冠词,由普通名词构成的专用名词一般加the普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词map, box desk单数:泛指加不定冠词,特指加定冠词复数:泛指零冠词特指定冠词集合名词committee, club, administration, team,特指加定冠词物质名词oil, water, butter, wood, leather, iron, glass, 泛指零冠词,特指加定冠词抽象名词anger, behavior, conduct, courage, harm泛指零冠词,特指加定冠词名词用时注意的事项1 可数名词由单数变复数后缀的变化 名词后加s: mapmaps,
4、deskdesks, table-tables 名词后加es: boxboxes, dishdishes, glassglasses, (s,z,x,sh,ch) 名词后的y变i再加es: studystudies, universityuniversities 名词以f, fe结尾的:有些把f,fe 变成v再加es, 如:halfhalves, leafleaves, shelfshelves, thiefthieves, wolfwolves, knifeknives, wifewives 有些则加s,如:beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, gulfgulfs, pro
5、ofproofs, roofroofs 名词以o结尾的:有些加s: autoautos, kilokilos, photophotos, pianopianos, radioradios, studiostudios, zoozoos 有些加es: echoechoes, heroheroes, torpedotorpedoes, NegroNegroes, mosquitomosquito(e)s 还有其他一些复数形式:footfeet, childchildren, womanwomen, deerdeer, fishfish, criterioncriteria准则2 名词所有格及用法名
6、词后加s或以s 结尾的加形成所有格, the boys mother, the thieves room, the childrens teacher, Johns and Marys mothers, John and Marys desk无生命名词的所有格表示时间、距离、重量及价值a days journey, a months time, todays newspapera miles distance, two pounds weight, thirty dollars value练习见p363-366冠词冠词是置于名词之前,说明名词所指的人或事物的一类虚词。英语冠词有三个:不定冠词、
7、定冠词和零冠词。(一)不定冠词a(n)用于单数名词之前,表示泛指,说明其名称或种类。以辅音音素开头的名词之前用a;以元音音素开头的名词之前用an。如,a worker,an oil worker; a university,an umbrella;a horse, an hour,等。不定冠词的几种用法(1)表示“一个”人或事物如,A woman teacher is talking with a boy student in the classroom(一位女教师正在教室里和一个男生谈话。)(2)表示“一类”人或事物例如,A dog is a faithful animal(狗是忠实的动物。
8、)(3)用于某些固定搭配中常见的有:come to an end,all of a sudden,have a good time,as a whole,have a cold,at a loss, lend a hand take a walk等。练习p366-367(二)定冠词the可用于各类名词之前,表示特指、独指或类指,还固定用于某些名词之前。定冠词的几种用法(1)表示特指用于叙述中第二次提及的或双方都知道的人或事物之前, 例如:Xiao Lis sister is studying at a collegeThe college is in Beijing小李的姐姐在一所大学里读书。
9、那所大学在北京。There is knock at the doorI think its the postman有人敲门。我想是邮递员。(2)表示类指用于表示一类人或事物的名词之前,例如,This is easier for the teacher than the student这对老师来讲比对学生容易。 Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope伽利略宣称他发了望远镜。(3)表示独指用于世界上独一无二的事物,及江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等名称之前,表示独指。例如,the Bible(圣经),the earth,the moon,
10、the Pacific Ocean,the Philippine islands(菲律宾群岛),the Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉),the Sahara Desert(撒哈拉沙漠),the sun,the universe(宇宙)等。2. 其他用法(1)用于西洋乐器名称前表示演奏某种乐器。例如,play the piano(the violin)等(2)用于某些形容词之前表示一类人或事物。例如,the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the true(真的东西),the false(假的东西)等等。(3)用于形容词、副词的比较等级之前例如:He is the tal
11、ler of the two他是两人中较高的那个。The darkest cloud has a silver lining最黑的云在边缘上银光。I like the book the best我最喜欢这本书。(4)用于序数词之前例如,This is the first time l have heard of it.(5)用于表示人体某一部位的名词前例如,The mother took the little girl by the hand and patted the head(三)零冠词不用冠词的场合,主要用于复数可数名词或不可数名词之表示名词的泛指或一般概念。(1)不可数名词表示泛指时
12、,可用零冠词例如:This bridge is built of woodWithout water man cant live(2)复数可数名词表示泛指时,可用零冠词例如:Computers are widely used in our country nowDoctors are usually kind and patient(3)专有名词前一般用零冠词例如,China,Hyde Park,Asia,Nanjing University等。注:当专有名词是由几个普通名词或带有形容词修饰的名词组构成时,通常要用定冠词。例如:the Peoples Republic of China, th
13、e United States of America.(4)复数名词表示类别Hands are smaller than feet, and arms are shorter than legs.(5)称呼前Mr Smith /Pro. Li/ Doctor Li is hurrying to work.(6)用DAY组成的节日前May day; Childrens day; National Day; New Years Day;(7)运动名称和三餐前My brother likes playing football.I make it a rule to take a nap after
14、lunch.(8)季节、月份、日期前Spring has come.February has 28 days.Today is Sunday.(9)习惯用法at school; by bus/train/air/ship; in bed; after school/work练习二/18语法2: 代词(讲解204-206,练习366-368)代词的作用就是行文简洁,避免重复,表达准确。英语有九种代词,即人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词。在句子中各自起到不同的作用。在代词学习过程中下面几点是值得注意的。 (一)并列人称代词的词序和替代问题 人
15、称代词在名词词组中并列或与人名、指人名词并列时,一般顺序为第二人称、第三人称、第一人称。例如: You and I are leaving for Shanghai tonight Theyll see you, Tom and me off. 由并列人称代词或由人称代词和指人名词并列的名词词组需要另一人称代词替代时,只要原词组中有第一人称代词,便用复数第一人称代词we替代;如果词组中只有第二人称代词,则用复数第二人称代词替代。例如: We have a lot to talk about, you and I. Tom and I have finished our workCan we start lunch now? You, Marry and John will meet at the stationYou can go together to the party (二)that和thos
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