1、interj.interjection 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep.preposition 介词art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 口诀:n.为名,v.为动;adv.副adj.形;prep.借,pron.代;num.数art.冠,conj.连interj.感叹考点2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语,此时,open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door,
2、 此时,open是及物动词。注意:英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。A.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,词义相同。如:The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. B.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,但词义不同。The manwalked away.(walk不及物动词,意为“走”)He walked the dog every day.( walk及物动词,“遛”)C.英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物,可能与汉语不同。Helistensto the music every
3、day.(listen为不及物动词,而汉语中“听”是及物动词。D.有些动词只能作及物动词,就必须带宾语。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一个句子是正确的,what是do的宾语。第二个句子需要在do后加it.E.think, insist, agree, reply等词,后面可直接跟宾语从句,但跟名词代词等作宾语时,是不及物动词,要跟介词。Ithink its interesting.What do you thinkof the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them.
4、我回答说我不能帮助他们。He has not yetrepliedto my question.他还没有回答我的问题。Heinsistedthat I (should) apologize to her.他坚持我应该向她道歉。on paying for the meal.他坚持要付饭钱。on immediate payment.他坚持要求对方立即付款。练习1.指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,及物动词填vt.,不及物填vi.。1.Most birds can fly.( )2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )3.It ha
5、ppened yesterday.( )4.My watch stopped.( )5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. ( )7.Shall I begin at once?( )8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.( )( )9.When did they leaveBeijing?10.They left last week.( )练习2.改错:1.He never
6、dreamed of that one day he would become President. 2.What do you think the plan? 3.He never replied any of my letters.4.Hestaying up to nurse the patient.5.He entered into the classroom quietly.6.He will marry with her next month. 考点3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全
7、且能够独立作谓语的动词。He lives quite near. (live“住”,有明确的意义,单独作谓语,为实义动词。Ilikereading. (like “喜欢”,意思明确,单独作谓语,为实义动词。I bought a pen yesterday. (bought“买”,意义明确,单独作谓语,为实义动词。助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此,助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语。A.帮助构成时态的:The boy iscrying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时,和crying一起作谓
8、语,是助动词。He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时,和arrived一起作谓语,是助动词。I havebeen painting all day. (have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时,和painting一起作谓语,都是助动词。B.帮助构成否定句和疑问句的:Doeshe like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句,没有具体意义,是助动词。He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句,没有具体意义,是助动词。C.帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成
9、被动语态,没有具体意义,是助动词。The house hasbeen pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态,是助动词。D.帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气,是助动词,属于谓语的一部分。E.帮助构成倒装句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天,他给她买了许多礼物。did
10、只是帮助构成倒装句,没有具体意义,是助动词。F.帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用,没有具体意义,是助动词。因此可以看出,常见的助动词为do, be, have,它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,具体是哪一种,主要看它们在句中的功能。1He didhis homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语,意为“做”,是实义动词。Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词,帮助构成一般疑问句,do是实义动词,意为“做”,是实义动词。2Hehashad
11、breakfast. (has是助动词,帮助构成现在完成时,had是实义动词,意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。练习3.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。1.Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming?2.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.3.Where does( ) he live ( )?4.He does ( ) some washing after work.5.He has ( ) had ( )supper already.6.The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.7.I have
12、 ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.8.He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样,不能单独作谓语,要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此,情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于,基本助动词本身无意义,而情态动词有自己的意义。He can swim across the river. (can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)Imight leave tomorrow.(might的词义为“或许”)第2讲句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种:
13、即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补)除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点4.划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线谓语 在下面画曲线宾语 在下面画双横线定语在下面画虚线(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”)状语下面为短横线 (短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟)补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙)同位语 上下双曲线(都有曲折,上下位置基本相同)考点
14、1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构:1.名词2.代词3.数词4.不定式 5.动名词 6.主语从句等表示。7.名词化的形容词(如the rich)在英语中,形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时,句子可能是倒装句,真正的主语在后面。On the desk are somebooks. (主语是books,所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy,所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主语是the days,所以用are)练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线,并说出由什么充当。1.Durin
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