English and Chinese belong to two different languaWord格式文档下载.docx

1、According to the difference between English and Chinese translation, There are ten pairs of features which we should take into consideration when we translate English to Chinese.1 Synthetic and Analytic （综合语和分析语）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms

2、to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. Modern English has become a analytic language, but Chinese is a typical analy

3、tic language.Inflection（变化词形）, word order（安排词序）and the use of function words（运用虚词） are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences. 1.1 Inflectional vs. Non-inflectionalIn English, nouns, pronouns and verbs are inflected. Such grammatical meaning as parts of speech, gende

4、r, case, person, tense, aspect, voice, mood and non-finite verb, can bta,expressed by the use of inflected forms with or without the help of function words and word order, whereas in Chinese this is generally not true: the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or between the line

5、s, though often with the help of word order and function words,e.g They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。1.2 Words Order: Flexible vs. InflexibleWord order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese. More ways of in

6、version grammatical or rhetorical, are often seen in English. e.g Interrogative inversion（疑问倒装）（1）What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么啊？（2）Exclamatory inversion （惊叹倒装） What a beautiful voice you have! 你有多么好的嗓音啊！The flexible word order in English is mainly the result of the grammatical concord of

7、 words in the sentence which is achieved by inflection. When expressing temporal or logical sequences, English may make full use of inflections and function words to make its word order flexible, while Chinese, with the help of function words ,arranges its word order according to certain rules of te

8、mporal or logical sequences：Category two contains only four items, and 2 I shall say no more about them except that,3 since they are under consideration,4 we should not let the grass grow under feet, but attempt, as early as possible, to arrive at a common understanding in the interest of humanity，按

9、照汉语的思维习惯重新排序，组成三个句子，顺序为1-3-5-4-2 （.为了人类的利益，我们应该不失时机，力图尽快达成共识。除此之外，别的我就不多说了。）1.3 The Use of Function Words：English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words.English function words include the article, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators. While Chinese functio

10、n words include particles, connectives and prepositions. Each has its own features in the use of these words.e.g They are students of our school. 他们是本校的部分学生。 They are the students of our school. 他们是本校的全体学生。 Chinese is rich in particles ,such as aspect particles （动态助词：着，了，过），structural particles （结构助

11、词：的，地，得）and emotional particles （语气助词，呢，吗，吧）e.g 这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气）This time I ve actually seen it for myself.English has a large number of prepositions and prepositional phrases which are often in use, while Chinese has a few prepositions which are mostly “borrowed” from their corresponding verbs. e.g

12、: Peter drew his knife on the robber. 彼得拔刀向那个强盗坎去。Who ,whom ,whose, that ,what ,which ,when ,where, why and how, there are conjunctive and relative pronouns are used as coordinating and subordinating in English ,this phenomenon is rare in Chinese.e.g. Practically all substance expand when headed and

13、 contract whencooled. 几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。1.4 Intonation vs. ToneThe above three grammatical devices, inflection, word order, and the use of function words, have much to do with the role of phonetic features in the two language.English is an intonation language while Chinese is a tone language.2 Rigid vs

14、. Supple （刚性与柔性）English sentence structure is composed of none phrase（s） and verb phrase（s）. It has become an invariable custom to have a subject before a verb , and therefore a sentence does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject（s） must agree with the predicate verb （V） in person and number, etc. This rigid SV concord forms the kernel of sentence .with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long