English and Chinese belong to two different languaWord格式文档下载.docx
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AccordingtothedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesetranslation,TherearetenpairsoffeatureswhichweshouldtakeintoconsiderationwhenwetranslateEnglishtoChinese.
1SyntheticandAnalytic（综合语和分析语）
Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.
Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.
ModernEnglishhasbecomeaanalyticlanguage,butChineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage.
Inflection（变化词形）,wordorder（安排词序）andtheuseoffunctionwords（运用虚词）areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.
1.1Inflectionalvs.Non---inflectional
InEnglish,nouns,pronounsandverbsareinflected.Suchgrammaticalmeaningaspartsofspeech,gender,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,moodandnon--finiteverb,canbta,expressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:
theabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorderandfunctionwords,
e.gTheytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。
1.2WordsOrder:
Flexiblevs.Inflexible
WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.Morewaysofinversiongrammaticalorrhetorical,areoftenseeninEnglish.
e.gInterrogativeinversion（疑问倒装）
（1）Whatintheworlddoyoumean?
你的意思究竟是什么啊？
（2）Exclamatoryinversion（惊叹倒装）
Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!
你有多么好的嗓音啊！
TheflexiblewordorderinEnglishismainlytheresultofthegrammaticalconcordofwordsinthesentencewhichisachievedbyinflection.Whenexpressingtemporalorlogicalsequences,Englishmaymakefulluseofinflectionsandfunctionwordstomakeitswordorderflexible,whileChinese,withthehelpoffunctionwords,arrangesitswordorderaccordingtocertainrulesoftemporalorlogicalsequences：
Categorytwocontainsonlyfouritems,and2Ishallsaynomoreaboutthemexceptthat,3sincetheyareunderconsideration,4weshouldnotletthegrassgrowunderfeet,butattempt,asearlyaspossible,toarriveatacommonunderstandingintheinterestofhumanity，按照汉语的思维习惯重新排序，组成三个句子，顺序为1-3-5-4-2（.为了人类的利益，我们应该不失时机，力图尽快达成共识。
除此之外，别的我就不多说了。
）
1.3TheUseofFunctionWords：
EnglishandChineseMakeUseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords.
Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticle,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinatorsandsubordinators.WhileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles,connectivesandprepositions.Eachhasitsownfeaturesintheuseofthesewords.
e.gTheyarestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的部分学生。
Theyarethestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的全体学生。
Chineseisrichinparticles,suchasaspectparticles（动态助词：
着，了，过），structuralparticles（结构助词：
的，地，得）andemotionalparticles（语气助词，呢，吗，吧）
e.g这回我可亲眼看见啦！
（感叹语气）
ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.
Englishhasalargenumberofprepositionsandprepositionalphraseswhichareofteninuse,whileChinesehasafewprepositionswhicharemostly“borrowed”fromtheircorrespondingverbs.
e.g:
Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.彼得拔刀向那个强盗坎去。
Who,whom,whose,that,what,which,when,where,whyandhow,thereareconjunctiveandrelativepronounsareusedascoordinatingandsubordinatinginEnglish,thisphenomenonisrareinChinese.
e.g.Practicallyallsubstanceexpandwhenheadedandcontractwhen
cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。
1.4Intonationvs.Tone
Theabovethreegrammaticaldevices,inflection,wordorder,andtheuseoffunctionwords,havemuchtodowiththeroleofphoneticfeaturesinthetwolanguage.
EnglishisanintonationlanguagewhileChineseisatonelanguage.
2Rigidvs.Supple（刚性与柔性）
Englishsentencestructureiscomposedofnonephrase（s）andverbphrase（s）.Ithasbecomeaninvariablecustomtohaveasubjectbeforeaverb,andthereforeasentencedoesnotcontainasubjectandaverbisfelttobeincomplete.Thesubject（s）mustagreewiththepredicateverb（V）inpersonandnumber,etc.ThisrigidS—Vconcordformsthekernelofsentence.withthepredicateverbcontrollingothermainmembers.Englishsentences,howeverlong
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