推荐英汉句法对比word范文模板 14页Word文档格式.docx

1、 1. 主语与主题 2. 形合与意合 3. 树状与竹状 4. 客体与主体 1主语与主题 subject vs. themeA dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。ExercisesI would not believe what he said.他的话，我不信。I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。 He is the best sing

2、er. 唱歌，他最棒的。 I know Mr. Wang. 王先生我认识。 2形合与意合hypotaxis vs. parataxis形合句中各成分的相互结合运用句法手段（syntactic devices）和词汇手段（lexical equivalence ）即各种有形的联结手段达到语法形式和逻辑形式两方面的完整。 意合句中各成分的相互结合多运用语义手段（semantic connection）,语境的映衬，少用连接词语。 形合与意合 Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。Modes

3、ty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。When a thing reaches its extreme, it will reverse its course.物极必反。 “不坚持，就会失败。”One will fail unless one perseveres.

4、Keep on, or well fail.If you dont hold on, you will fail.“他来了，我走。” If he comes, I will go. Since he comes, I will go. When he comes, I will go.As he has come, I must go now.As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.My sister was expecting me , so I had to go now. We knew spring was c

5、oming as we had seen a robin.A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 话不投机半句多。When the conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of time.3树状与竹状tree-structure vs. bamboo-structure 学者范仲英说过：“一般来说，英语长句较多，而且结构比

6、较复杂，往往从句里含有从句，短语中又有短语。宛如一棵大树，有树干，有树杈，有树枝。”这就是我们说的英语的树式结构。“汉语句子一般简洁明快，很少长句。恰似一根春竹，一节之后又生一节，中间掐断无伤大雅。”这是我们说的汉语的竹式结构。英语中的主要结构. The telephone rang. （SV） . We are students. （SVP） . Labor created man. （SVO） . She sang us a song. （SVoO）. He painted the door green. （SVOC）所有的基本句型都有SV机制，这也是英语中最基本的原则。既然英语句子是主谓

7、机制突出的句式结构,主语和谓语严格保持一致，并且提纲挈领,主导和协调句中其它各种关系。汉语句子并不存在着主干结构,也没有可以驾御全句的主谓关系,因此汉语句子更是显得灵活多变、自由松散,句式呈“流散型”。汉语主要可以分为六种语类:NP, S（分句）, S（主题性分句）,VP, Pre P（前置词短语）, Post P（后置词短语）。上述语类均可出现在汉语主题结构句中的主题位置上。 例如:.这些话我不相信。（NP）.他会说这些话我不相信。（S） .这些话他会说我不相信。（S） .在桌子上他放了几本书。（Prep P） 桌子上有书,床上不会有书。（Post P） .说这些话我不赞成。（VP）The

8、boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.参考译文：男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。 ExercisesThe moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking

9、about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the declaration on independence and the Virginia statute for religious freedom

10、and the father of the university of Virginia.在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句首，即重心在前。汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成后中心。自我们别后没发生什么事情。他身体很弱不能动手术。if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.译文：小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。vi

11、sit which I intended to pay to China in January.我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。4客体与主体英语语言中的思维注重客观事物对人的作用和影响，以认知自然为视觉焦点，崇尚自然、认识自然、探索自然，最终征服自然，主宰宇宙。在语言上表现为英语多用无生命的名词作主语，主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明。汉语语言中的思维往往以人为中心，认为只有人才能做 出有意识的动作，因而对思维的主体和客体不加区分，在语言上表现为汉语常以有生命的名词作主语。American education owes a great debt to Thomas

12、Jefferson.托马斯杰佛逊为美国的教育事业做出了巨大的贡献。 Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.在举行个别交谈前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了。What has happened to you? An idea suddenly struck me.Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. 主语的选择在美国，人人都能够买到枪。In the united states, everyone c

13、an buy guns.In the united states, guns are available to everyone. 你可以从因特网上获得这一消息。You can obtain this information on the internet. This information is available on the internet. 他突然想到了一个新主意。He suddenly thought out a new idea. A new idea occurred to him.谁也不能以不懂法律来为自己辩解。 Ignorance of the law excuses no

14、 man. 必须保证8小时睡眠。Eight hours sleep must be guaranteed.他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是他决定 ，一碰到合适的阴凉处就坐下来休息。His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.动词名词化一看见那只凶猛的灰熊，小白兔吓得躲进了洞里。 The sight of that ferocious grizzly scared the little white rabbit into hiding in the burrow.你怎么没注意到这么明显的错误呢？How can such a visible err escape your notice？该公司没能按照公司的合同约定按时交货，结果被告上了法庭。Failure of that corporation to deliver products as agreed has resulted in a lawsuit being filed against it.篇二：英汉句法结构的差异及其对翻译的启示摘要 中西方思维模式的不同和英汉两种语言本身的差异导致了这两种语言的句法结构存在很大差异。英语句法重形合，树形结构；汉语句法重意合，线性结构。深