高英第七册Unit Three参考资料文档格式.docx

1、New York City SubwayThe New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority,3 a subsidiary agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and also known as MTA New York City Transit. It is one of the most extensive publi

2、c transportation systems in the world, with 468 reported passenger stations,2 （or 422 if stations connected by transfers are counted as one）,45 229miles （369km） of routes,6 translating into 656 miles （1056 km） of revenue track, and a total of 842 miles （1355 km） including non-revenue trackage.7 The

3、subway is also notable for being among the few rapid transit systems in the world to run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.8 It is the only system to hold that distinction among the ten busiest systems in the world in terms of annual passenger traffic. The system itself has more annual boardings than

4、those in cities such as London, Paris, and Mexico City.9 It has nearly twice as many daily riders as every other rapid transit system in the United States combined.Though it is known as the subway, implying underground operations, about 40% of the system runs on above-ground right-of-way （the system

5、 is almost entirely underground in Manhattan, as well as portions in the other boroughs）, including steel or cast iron elevated structures, concrete viaducts, embankments, open cuts and surface routes. All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossing

6、s, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions.Main IdeaIn a way the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York.Or: The subway in New York City is a vivid demonstration of the citys lack of status.地铁是美国纽约城的重要交通工具，也是纽约贫穷的人栖息之地，作

7、者通过对这些无家可归的乞丐的丑陋的行为的形象描述，揭示了在美国这样的社会，社会地位的划分和竞争无处不在。Purpose of writing and Tone:To share his own experience as an American.Style: A satire （A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision/ridicule, or wit）; tone: satirical;Organization and Development:Section I （P1）-

8、 introduction of the theme: the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York; topic: there is a sense of madness and disorientation at almost every express stop.Section II （P2-3）- topic: the underground spaces seem to attract every eccentric（古怪的；偏执的） passion and also

9、 beggars;Section III （P4-5）- topic: however, some men do fall to the state of being a bum（游荡者, 游民）. For example, on the East side IRT subway lineLexical work1.disorientation- Loss of ones sense of direction, position, or relationship with ones surroundings; Intellectual or moral confusion; A tempora

10、ry or permanent state of confusion regarding place, time, or personal identity.2.vistas- A distant view or prospect, especially one seen through an opening, as between rows of buildings or trees; a broad mental view:3.eerie- Inspiring inexplicable fear, dread, or uneasiness; strange and frightening.

11、4.qualms- A sudden disturbing feeling; 一阵眩晕; 恶心;常用复不安, 疑虑; （良心的）责备5.tactile- Of, relating to, or proceeding from the sense of touch;tactual; Perceptible to the sense of touch; tangible.6.crucifying- To put （a person） to death by nailing or binding to a cross; To treat cruelly; torment:7.tensile- Cap

12、able of being stretched or extended; ductile/elastic8.oleaginous- oily, fatty9.flatulent-肠胃气胀的; 自负的, 空虚的, 浮夸的, 自负的10.redemption- Salvation from sin through Jesuss sacrifice.赎回, 偿还, 拯救, 履行11.maniacal- Suggestive of or afflicted with insanity; frantic, crazy;Characterized by excessive enthusiasm or ex

13、citement:12.ricochet off- To rebound at least once from a surface; bounce off13.mediocre- Moderate to inferior in quality中等偏下的; ordinary14.lollygag ger- one who fools around虚度光阴, 闲游浪荡15.condescension- Patronizingly superior behavior or attitude硬要人家领情的态度; 优越感16.slouch- To sit, stand, or walk with an awkward, drooping, excessively relaxed posture无精打采的坐，站，走以笨拙的、颓丧的、极其放松的姿式坐、立或行17.congealed- To solidify by or as i