the-scope-of-pragmaticsPPT资料.ppt

1、,Pragmatics:language use in context,Roughly:the study of how to do things with wordsGenerally:the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication,Pragmatics vs.Semantics,Distinction:whether in the study of meaning the context of use is consideredContext:the knowl

2、edge shared by the speaker and the hearerE.g.cultural background,situation（time,place,manner,etc.）the relationship between the speaker and the hearer,Semantics:（no context）the study of the literal meaning of a sentencePragmatics:（in context）the study of the intended meaning of a speaker the literal

3、meaning sentence meaning 句子意义 the intended meaning utterance meaning 会话意义,Pragmatics vs.Semantics,“The bag is heavy”,sentence meaning:a bag being heavy utterance meaning:an indirect,polite request asking the hearer to help him carry the bagdeclining someones request for help utterance meaning:based

4、on the sentence meaning;realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a context;identical with the purpose for which the speaker utters the sentence,The Scope of Pragmatics,The historical origin of pragmaticsSome definitions of the fieldSome branches of pragmatics,In 1938,when outlining the g

5、eneral shape of semiotics,the American philosopher Charles Morris distinguished 3 distinct branches:syntax:the study of the formal relation of signs to one anothersemantics:the study of the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicablepragmatics:the study of the relation of sig

6、ns to interpreters,句法学,语义学,语用学,Pragmatics is a young science:40y1）19381983 A waste paper basket stage:in the guise of“ragbag”taking overflow from semantics 杂物箱、废纸篓时期2）1983现在 语言学意义上的语用学,Since the early 1970s,a growing interest in pragmatics and pragmatic problems has witnessed worldwide.The internati

7、onal journal of pragmatics came into being in 1977.The International Pragmatic Association（IPA）has been existed since 1986.,In 1983,LevinsonPragmatics LeechPrinciple of Pragmatics 语用学原理,Levinson 将语用学划分为5个范畴，分别是指示语；会话含义；前提关系；言语行为和会话结构Leech 修正和补充了Grice的合作原则，提出 礼貌原则，和跨文化交际中的语用失误Levinson 侧重认知性方法，即uttera

8、nce interpretation-orientedLeech 侧重社会性因素，即speaker meaning-oriented,Cross-cultural pragmatic failure,Breakdowns sometimes occur in the course of communication.E.g.1,（Between a passenger and the bus driver）P:Can you tell me when we get to Birmingham,please?D:Its a big place.You wont miss it.Different

9、interpretation of the linguistic form,Cross-cultural pragmatic failure,Breakdowns sometimes occur in the course of communication.E.g.2,（Between a Chinese learner of English and Professor Higgins,a native speaker of English,at about lunch time）C:Have you had your lunch,Professor Higgins?P:（Surprised,

10、not knowing what to say）,2.Definitions of Pragmatics,Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.-（Crystal,1987）Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situation.-（Leech,198

11、3）Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.（Yule 1996）,Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of language in particular situations.（wikipedia）There is a distinction between a hearers knowledge of her language

12、 and her knowledge of the world.It is this distinction that underlies the distinction between semantics and pragmatics.（Blakemore,1992）,（1）研究说话人的意义：,a）Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.（Yule.1996:3）b）Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterize how speaker use the sentences of a langu

13、age to effect successful communication.（Kempson,1975:84）c）Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate.（Levinson,1983:24）,（2）研究听话人的理解：,Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.（Yule.1996:3）Pr

14、agmatics is the study of understanding intentional human action.（Green,1996:2）Pragmatics,as a topic in linguistics,is the study of the use of context to make inferences about meaning.（Fasold,1993）,（3）研究语境与意义之间的关系,pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have menanings in situations.（Leech,1983）Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.（Yule.1996:3）Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society.（Mey.1993:42）,（4）语用综观论,Pragmatics is a general functional perspective on language,i.