the-scope-of-pragmaticsPPT资料.ppt

the-scope-of-pragmaticsPPT资料.ppt

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,Pragmatics:

languageuseincontext,Roughly:

thestudyofhowtodothingswithwordsGenerally:

thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication,Pragmaticsvs.Semantics,Distinction:

whetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsideredContext:

theknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearerE.g.culturalbackground,situation（time,place,manner,etc.）therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,Semantics:

（nocontext）thestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentencePragmatics:

（incontext）thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeakertheliteralmeaningsentencemeaning句子意义theintendedmeaningutterancemeaning会话意义,Pragmaticsvs.Semantics,“Thebagisheavy”,sentencemeaning:

abagbeingheavyutterancemeaning:

anindirect,politerequestaskingthehearertohelphimcarrythebagdecliningsomeonesrequestforhelputterancemeaning:

basedonthesentencemeaning;

realizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinacontext;

identicalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence,TheScopeofPragmatics,ThehistoricaloriginofpragmaticsSomedefinitionsofthefieldSomebranchesofpragmatics,In1938,whenoutliningthegeneralshapeofsemiotics,theAmericanphilosopherCharlesMorrisdistinguished3distinctbranches:

syntax:

thestudyoftheformalrelationofsignstooneanothersemantics:

thestudyoftherelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicablepragmatics:

thestudyoftherelationofsignstointerpreters,句法学,语义学,语用学,Pragmaticsisayoungscience:

40y1）19381983Awastepaperbasketstage:

intheguiseof“ragbag”takingoverflowfromsemantics杂物箱、废纸篓时期2）1983现在语言学意义上的语用学,Sincetheearly1970s,agrowinginterestinpragmaticsandpragmaticproblemshaswitnessedworldwide.Theinternationaljournalofpragmaticscameintobeingin1977.TheInternationalPragmaticAssociation（IPA）hasbeenexistedsince1986.,In1983,LevinsonPragmaticsLeechPrincipleofPragmatics语用学原理,Levinson将语用学划分为5个范畴，分别是指示语；

会话含义；

前提关系；

言语行为和会话结构Leech修正和补充了Grice的合作原则，提出礼貌原则，和跨文化交际中的语用失误Levinson侧重认知性方法，即utteranceinterpretation-orientedLeech侧重社会性因素，即speakermeaning-oriented,Cross-culturalpragmaticfailure,Breakdownssometimesoccurinthecourseofcommunication.E.g.1,（Betweenapassengerandthebusdriver）P:

CanyoutellmewhenwegettoBirmingham,please?

D:

Itsabigplace.Youwontmissit.Differentinterpretationofthelinguisticform,Cross-culturalpragmaticfailure,Breakdownssometimesoccurinthecourseofcommunication.E.g.2,（BetweenaChineselearnerofEnglishandProfessorHiggins,anativespeakerofEnglish,ataboutlunchtime）C:

Haveyouhadyourlunch,ProfessorHiggins?

P:

（Surprised,notknowingwhattosay）,2.DefinitionsofPragmatics,Pragmaticsstudiesthefactorsthatgovernourchoiceoflanguageinsocialinteractionandtheeffectsofourchoiceonothers.-（Crystal,1987）Pragmaticscanbeusefullydefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituation.-（Leech,1983）Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid.（Yule1996）,Pragmaticsisthebranchoflinguisticsthatdealswiththemeaningsandeffectswhichcomefromtheuseoflanguageinparticularsituations.（wikipedia）Thereisadistinctionbetweenahearersknowledgeofherlanguageandherknowledgeoftheworld.Itisthisdistinctionthatunderliesthedistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmatics.（Blakemore,1992）,

（1）研究说话人的意义：

a）Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning.（Yule.1996:

3）b）Pragmaticsisatheorywhichseekstocharacterizehowspeakerusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.（Kempson,1975:

84）c）Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheabilityoflanguageuserstopairsentenceswiththecontextsinwhichtheywouldbeappropriate.（Levinson,1983:

24）,

（2）研究听话人的理解：

Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid.（Yule.1996:

3）Pragmaticsisthestudyofunderstandingintentionalhumanaction.（Green,1996:

2）Pragmatics,asatopicinlinguistics,isthestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferencesaboutmeaning.（Fasold,1993）,（3）研究语境与意义之间的关系,pragmaticscanbeusefullydefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemenaningsinsituations.（Leech,1983）Pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning.（Yule.1996:

3）Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheconditionsofhumanlanguageusesasthesearedeterminedbythecontextofsociety.（Mey.1993:

42）,（4）语用综观论,Pragmaticsisageneralfunctionalperspectiveonlanguage,i.