语言学复习资料精编doc文档格式.docx

1、1.1.3 Synchronic 共时的 vs. diachronic 历时的Synchronic study一description of a language at some point of time （modern linguistics） Diachronic studydescription of a language through time （historical development of language over a period of time）Synchronic approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one.1.1.

2、4 Speech and writingSpeechPrimary medium of languageWritingLater developedSpeech is prior to writing 5 reasons1.1.5 . Langue and parole （F. de Saussure: 1857-1913 ）Langue the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityParole the realization of langue in actual use.Lang

3、ue is abstract. Parole is concreteLangue is stable. Parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.1.1.6 . Competence 语言能力 and performance 语言运用（Chomsky）Competence the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his languagePerformance the actual realization of this knowledge in ling

4、uistic communication.Q： Similarity and difference between Saussure s distinction and that of ChomskySimilarity: both make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of languageDifference: Chomsky s competence-performance is from psychological point of viewSaussure s lang

5、ue-parole is from sociological point of view.1.1.7 Traditional grammar and modem linguisticsQ: What are the differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics?Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptiveSecondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken lang

6、uage as primary, not the written.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework1.1 Definitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.2 Design features of languageArbitrarine

7、ss: Generally there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds The dog barks wow wow in English but “ 汪汪汪 ” in Chinese.Ps:language is not arbitrary at compounding words and at the syntactic level. Duality: Or double-structured. Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels- Lo

8、wer level: sounds which are meaningless. Higher level: units of meaning by grouping or regrouping sounds Units of meaning can be arranged into infinite number of sentences Creativity （productivity）: language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by

9、its users This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. Displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission: Language is culturally

10、 transmitted not genetically transmitted. A language is taught and learned within a particular cultural background1.3 Functions of languageChapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology The Study of Sounds Phonology5.3.2 Phonology and phoneticsThe difference between phonetics & phonology:Phonetics: Study sounds in

11、 isolation; one by one, phonetic features; language universal Phonology: Study sounds patterns to convey meaning; language specific232Phone, Phoneme and allophonePhone:1） a phonetic unit2） not necessarily distinctive of meaning3） physical as perceived4） marked with Phoneme:1） a phonological unit2） d

12、istinctive of meaning3） abstract, not physical4） marked with / /StudentPhones: t th /t/Allophone:23.4. Some rules in phonologySequential rules 序列规则/k/b/l/i/四个 phoneme 造词,bilk（right）, ibki（false）Assimilation rule 同化原则Deletion rule 省略规贝U E.g. Sign design, delete a /g/when it occurs before a final nasa

13、lconsonant.2.3.5. Suprasegmental features stress，tone, intonationSuprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal suprasegmental features are:StressTone声调Intonation 语调Chapter 3 Morphology The study of word structureMorphology: Morphology

14、refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.3.2Open class and closed classOpen class: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs to which new words can be added.（ content words）e.g: beatnikClosed class: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns to which new words are not usually added-（functional words）e.g: and, it, to, the, etc.33Morphemes the minimal units of meaning（考）2） . Morpheme 词素Moiph