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1.1.3Synchronic共时的vs.diachronic历时的

Synchronicstudy■一descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）Diachronicstudy™descriptionofalanguagethroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

Synchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.

1.1.4Speechandwriting

Speech——Primarymediumoflanguage

Writing——Laterdeveloped

Speechispriortowriting[5reasons]

1.1.5.Langueandparole（F.deSaussure:

1857-1913）

Languetheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

Parole——therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Langueisabstract.Paroleisconcrete・

Langueisstable.Parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

1.1.6.Competence语言能力andperformance语言运用（Chomsky）

Competencetheidealuser'

sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance—theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

Q：

SimilarityanddifferencebetweenSaussure'

sdistinctionandthatofChomsky

Similarity:

bothmakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage・

Difference:

Chomsky'

scompetence-performanceisfrompsychologicalpointofview・

Saussure"

slangue-paroleisfromsociologicalpointofview.

1.1.7Traditionalgrammarandmodemlinguistics

Q:

Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics?

Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive・

Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework・

1.1Definitionsoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage

^Arbitrariness:

Generallythereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds・ThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.

Ps:

languageisnotarbitraryatcompoundingwordsandatthesyntacticlevel.

Duality:

Ordouble-structured.Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels-Lowerlevel:

soundswhicharemeaningless.Higherlevel:

unitsofmeaningbygroupingorregroupingsounds・Unitsofmeaningcanbearrangedintoinfinitenumberofsentences・

Creativity（productivity）:

languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers・Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

Displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

Culturaltransmission:

Languageisculturallytransmittednotgeneticallytransmitted.Alanguageistaughtandlearnedwithinaparticularculturalbackground・

1.3Functionsoflanguage

Chapter2Phonetics&

PhonologyTheStudyofSounds

Phonology

5.3.2Phonologyandphonetics

Thedifferencebetweenphonetics&

phonology:

Phonetics:

Studysoundsinisolation;

onebyone,phoneticfeatures;

languageuniversalPhonology:

Studysoundspatternstoconveymeaning;

languagespecific

2・3・2Phone,Phonemeandallophone

Phone:

1）aphoneticunit

2）notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaning

3）physicalasperceived

4）markedwith[]

Phoneme:

1）aphonologicalunit

2）distinctiveofmeaning

3）abstract,notphysical

4）markedwith//

Student

Phones:

[t][th]

/t/

Allophone:

23.4.Somerulesinphonology

Sequentialrules序列规则/k//b//l//i/四个phoneme造词,bilk（right）,ibki（false）

Assimilationrule同化原则

Deletionrule省略规贝UE.g.Signdesign,deletea/g/whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasal

consonant.

2.3.5.Suprasegmentalfeaturesstress，tone,intonation

Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.

Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesare:

Stress

Tone声调

Intonation语调

Chapter3Morphology…Thestudyofwordstructure

Morphology:

Morphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.

3.2Openclassandclosedclass

Openclass:

nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbstowhichnewwordscanbeadded.―（contentwords）e.g:

beatnik

Closedclass:

conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounstowhichnewwordsarenotusuallyadded・---（functionalwords）e.g:

and,it,to,the,etc.

3>

3Morphemestheminimalunitsofmeaning（考）

2）.Morpheme词素

Moiph