托福阅读真题解析Word文件下载.docx

1、Ancient Greek sarced groves希腊圣林讲古希腊精神文明和自然有关，尊重自然和宗教信仰有关，他们把神龛建在树木植物多的地方。不仅古希腊人这样，欧洲其他地方的人也有类似文化，举了欧洲人用树作为神灵的例子。然后讲了希腊人认为god真实存在，最后谈到保护问题（有一道句子简化题，与亚里士多德和golden age有关。补充版本二：有关Ancient Greek sarced groves。讲它怎么跟神有关了，希腊人怎么敬畏他，又跟别人怎么不一样了（神住在林子里，在地上不是天上） 又说希腊人不孤单，别的地方也有把林子供起来的，还有这个groves是imperfect的，因为神化后添

2、了别的东西，不自然了。还有因此希腊人特别注重保护林子。解析：本文属古代文明相关话题，所考察的希腊文明在托福过去考试中曾以多种不同角度进行过考察，因其对于欧美文化发展的意义极为重大。下附关于希腊圣林的介绍。Sacred Groves the Secret Power of TreesSacred groves of olive and other trees were an intrinsic part of early religion. They were the meeting points of the world of the gods and the world of the hum

3、ans, the mortals. Here priests offered animal sacrifice to please the gods, linking the world of the ordinary with that of the invisible and the spiritual. According to Pliny the Elder in Historia naturalis: Book XII, the trees formed the first temples of the gods, and even at the present day, the c

4、ountry people, preserving in all their simplicity their ancient rites, consecrate the finest among their trees to some divinity.each kind of tree remains immutably consecrated to its own peculiar divinity, the beech to Jupiter, the laurel to Apollo, the olive to Minerva, the myrtle to Venus, and the

5、 poplar to Hercules: besides which, it is our belief that the Sylvans, the Fauns, and various kinds of goddess Nymphs, have the tutelage of the woods, and we look upon those deities as especially appointed to preside over them by the will of heaven.The ancient Greeks and the Romans were not the only

6、 people to hold the tree sacred. Sacred groves were, and can still be found scattered as far afield as India, the Middle East, Africa, Japan and any region with Celtic ancestry. Celtic sacred groves were called Nemetons, or Nemeta. They were the meeting places of the druids who preferred to perform

7、their rituals in the open air. Many considered them no-go areas where only the initiated could venture safely.The ancient Roman poet Lucan described a sacred grove near modern-day Marseilles like this: no bird nested in the nemeton, nor did any animal lurk nearby; the leaves constantly shivered thou

8、gh no breeze stirred. Altars stood in its midst, and the images of the gods. Every tree was stained with sacrificial blood. the very earth groaned, dead yews revived; unconsumed trees were surrounded with flame, and huge serpents twined round the oaks. The people feared to approach the grove, and ev

9、en the priest would not walk there at midday or midnight lest he should then meet its divine guardian.第二篇TOPIC 彗星先说comet不好预测，有的周期长有的短，短的可以看见，然后两个图介绍彗星结构（头部有两个部分加tail），然后说彗星在地球周围没有尾巴很小，接近太阳时就被磁场和太阳风搞大了还多了尾巴。然后对比long period comet和short的，一个轨道圆，和行星在一个平面，容易被other planet影响从而inner solar system，另一个椭圆，不在一个pl

10、ane，最后一段讲了哈雷彗星，76年一次，最后30次中国人都记录了，但17XX哈雷才认为这是一个彗星。本文属天文学话题，是托福阅读常考话题之一。在TPO中天文学文章并未涉及彗星，但有若干篇文章与其话题类似，如谈到陨石、小行星、太阳系行星等，都可以作为借鉴阅读的内容。从考生回忆来看，普遍对本文回忆得较为完整，说明该文章并不难读。下附关于comet的全面介绍性文章。Comets: Formation, Discovery and ExplorationComets OverviewA comet is an icy body that releases gas or dust. They are

11、often compared to dirty snowballs, though recent research has led some scientists to call them snowy dirtballs. Comets contain dust, ice, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and more. Some researchers think comets might have originally brought some of the water and organic molecules to Earth that now m

12、ake up life here.Comets orbit the sun, but most are believed to inhabit in an area known as the Oort Cloud, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Occasionally a comet streaks through the inner solar system; some do so regularly, some only once every few centuries. Many people have never seen a comet, but t

13、hose who have wont easily forget the celestial show.The solid nucleus or core of a comet consists mostly of ice and dust coated with dark organic material, with the ice composed mainly of frozen water but perhaps other frozen substances as well, such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and m

14、ethane. The nucleus might have a small rocky core.As a comet gets closer to the sun, the ice on the surface of the nucleus begins turning into gas, forming a cloud known as the coma. Radiation from the sun pushes dust particles away from the coma, forming a dust tail, while charged particles from th

15、e sun convert some of the comets gases into ions, forming an ion tail. Since comet tails are shaped by sunlight and the solar wind, they always point away from the sun.The nuclei of most comets are thought to measure 10 miles （16 km） or less. Some comets have comas that can reach nearly 1 million mi

16、les （1.6 million kilometers） wide, and some have tails reaching 100 million miles （160 million kilometers） long.We can see a number of comets with the naked eye when they pass close to the sun because their comas and tails reflect sunlight or even glow because of energy they absorb from the sun. However, most comets are too small or too faint to be seen without a telescope.Comets leave a trail of debris