语言学Politeness in conversationPPT课件下载推荐.ppt

1、4.Sorry,I have to ask you to help me post the letters on my desk.,It can be applied to highly formal situations in which there is a significant difference in power and status between the interlocutors.,9,2022/10/6,1.I wonder if it would help to get haircut.2.Maybe you should get a haircut.3.You must

2、 get a haircut.4.Get a haircut,please.,Give the addressee his options给对方留有余地,It is appropriate in less formal situations in which the interlocutors enjoy equal status and power,but are not familiar with each other.,10,2022/10/6,Equality or camaraderie:act as though you and the addressee were equal/m

3、ake him feel good.增进相互间的友情,It is applied to the interlocutors between close friends and lovers.,11,2022/10/6,（1）质量准则（quality maxim）也就是说要尽量说真话（2）数量准则（quantity maxim）A：使自己所说的话达到现时的交际目的所要求的详尽程度；B：不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。（3）关联准则（relation maxim）要保证你说的每一句都和目前所进行的谈话是关联的（4）方式准则（避免赘述）（manner maxim）A：说话要清晰明了，有所指；B:不

4、要使自己的谈话含糊不清，模棱两可，从而难于理解。,合作原则和它的四个准则,12,A：我这个裙子怎么样？嗯，颜色挺好的。Why not choose to be direct in saying what they mean?,13,Why not choose to be direct in saying what they mean?,While Grices Cooperative Principle as well as its maxims helps to deduce what speakers actually mean by what they say,it fails to

5、explain,among other things,why they choose not to be direct in saying what they mean.,14,According to Geoffrrey Leech,communicators generally observe some rules of good behavior which he terms the Politeness Principle.The principle can explain why people are sometimes indirect in conveying what they

6、 mean.,15,从以上分析，我们可以推导出另外一个问题，那就是，“为什么人们总是用间接的方式来表达自己的真实意图呢？”格赖斯主义有它的缺陷，Grice提出了合作原则并指出对合作原则的违反就产生了会话含义，但是Grice并没有解释清楚为什么人们要违反合作原则。后来Leech从修辞和语义的角度提出了“礼貌原则”，作为对Grice合作原则的补充，Leech认为，在语言交际中，人们为了礼貌才违反了合作原则，Leech的礼貌原则有以下几条：,16,Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则（从“惠”和“损”的角度）,17,Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则（从“惠”和“损”的角度）,18,2.Leechs appr

7、oach to politeness,Politeness in communication requires people to adopt strategies of（a）maximize（other things being equal）the expression of polite beliefs;（b）minimize（other thing being equal）the expression of impolite beliefs.,19,Leech:MAXIMS OF POLITENESS,（i）Tact maxim（策略准则,得体准则）（a）Minimize cost to

8、 other;使他人受损最小 Cloud you give me a sheet of paper?（b）maximize benefit to other;使他人受惠最大 You can use my car whenever you need it?,20,April 20Dear Mike,How are you?Ive got two tickets to a concert given by a famous pop band for his Friday evening.Guess which band?Its Beyond!I know you have long been a

9、fan of the band.So I guess you would certainly like to come with me.By the way,the concert will start at six p.m.and last two hours.Give me a call when you receive this note.Affectionately yours,Kate,In the letter the writer maximizes the benefit to others（tact maxim）.使他人受惠最大,21,Leech:MAXIMS OF POLITENESS,（ii）Generosity maxim（宽宏准则，慷慨准则）（a）Minimize the benefit to self;使自身受益最小 May I jus